chambers
mississippi
argued
november
decided
february
petitioner
arrested
murder
another
person
mcdonald
made
later
repudiated
written
confession
three
separate
occasions
time
different
friend
mcdonald
orally
admitted
killing
petitioner
convicted
murder
trial
claimed
lacking
due
process
petitioner
allowed
mcdonald
petitioner
called
witness
state
failed
since
mississippi
voucher
rule
party
may
impeach
witness
introduce
testimony
three
persons
mcdonald
confessed
trial
ruled
testimony
inadmissible
hearsay
mississippi
affirmed
held
facts
circumstances
case
petitioner
denied
fair
trial
violation
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
pp
application
voucher
rule
prevented
petitioner
mcdonald
exploring
circumstances
mcdonald
three
prior
oral
confessions
challenging
renunciation
written
confession
thus
deprived
petitioner
right
contradict
testimony
clearly
adverse
pp
trial
erred
excluding
mcdonald
hearsay
statements
critical
petitioner
defense
bore
substantial
assurances
trustworthiness
including
made
spontaneously
close
acquaintance
corroborated
evidence
case
real
sense
mcdonald
interest
mcdonald
present
available
state
pp
powell
delivered
opinion
burger
douglas
brennan
stewart
white
marshall
blackmun
joined
white
filed
concurring
opinion
post
rehnquist
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
peter
westen
argued
cause
petitioner
pro
hac
vice
briefs
ramsey
clark
timmie
hancock
special
assistant
attorney
general
mississippi
argued
cause
respondent
brief
summer
attorney
general
guy
rogers
assistant
attorney
general
justice
powell
delivered
opinion
petitioner
leon
chambers
tried
jury
mississippi
trial
convicted
murdering
policeman
jury
assessed
punishment
life
imprisonment
mississippi
affirmed
one
justice
dissenting
pending
disposition
application
certiorari
petitioner
granted
bail
order
circuit
justice
dated
february
two
weeks
later
state
request
reconsideration
order
reaffirmed
subsequently
petition
certiorari
granted
consider
whether
petitioner
trial
conducted
accord
principles
due
process
fourteenth
amendment
conclude
officer
forman
see
vantage
point
shot
liberty
whether
liberty
shots
hit
anyone
one
deputy
sheriffs
testified
trial
standing
several
feet
liberty
saw
chambers
shoot
another
deputy
sheriff
stated
although
see
whether
chambers
gun
hand
see
chambers
break
arm
shortly
shots
fired
officers
saw
chambers
fall
testified
thought
dead
made
effort
time
either
examine
search
murder
weapon
instead
attended
liberty
placed
police
car
taken
hospital
declared
dead
arrival
subsequent
autopsy
showed
hit
four
bullets
revolver
shortly
shooting
three
chambers
friends
discovered
yet
dead
james
williams
berkley
turner
gable
mcdonald
loaded
car
transported
hospital
later
night
county
sheriff
discovered
chambers
still
alive
guard
placed
outside
room
chambers
subsequently
charged
liberty
murder
pleaded
guilty
asserted
innocence
throughout
story
leon
chambers
intertwined
story
another
man
gable
mcdonald
mcdonald
lifelong
resident
woodville
crowd
evening
liberty
death
sometime
shortly
day
left
wife
woodville
moved
louisiana
found
job
sugar
mill
november
year
returned
woodville
wife
informed
acquaintance
known
reverend
stokes
wanted
see
stokes
owned
gas
station
natchez
mississippi
several
miles
north
woodville
upon
return
mcdonald
went
see
talking
stokes
mcdonald
agreed
make
statement
chambers
attorneys
maintained
offices
natchez
two
days
later
appeared
attorneys
offices
gave
sworn
confession
shot
officer
liberty
also
stated
already
told
friend
james
williams
shot
liberty
said
used
pistol
revolver
discarded
shortly
shooting
response
questions
chambers
attorneys
mcdonald
affirmed
confession
voluntary
one
compelled
come
confession
transcribed
signed
witnessed
mcdonald
turned
local
police
authorities
placed
jail
one
month
later
preliminary
hearing
mcdonald
repudiated
prior
sworn
confession
testified
stokes
persuaded
confess
shot
liberty
claimed
stokes
promised
go
jail
share
proceeds
lawsuit
chambers
bring
town
woodville
examination
attorney
state
mcdonald
swore
scene
liberty
shot
street
drinking
beer
cafe
friend
berkley
turner
turner
heard
shooting
testified
walked
street
found
chambers
lying
alley
turner
williams
took
chambers
hospital
mcdonald
testified
preliminary
hearing
know
happened
discussion
shooting
either
going
coming
back
hospital
next
day
learned
chambers
felled
blast
liberty
riot
gun
addition
mcdonald
stated
owned
pistol
lost
many
months
shooting
possess
weapon
time
local
justice
peace
accepted
mcdonald
repudiation
released
custody
local
authorities
undertook
investigation
possible
involvement
chambers
case
came
trial
october
next
year
trial
endeavored
develop
two
grounds
defense
first
attempted
show
shoot
liberty
one
officer
testified
actually
saw
chambers
fire
shots
although
three
officers
saw
liberty
shoot
chambers
testified
assumed
shooting
attacker
none
examined
chambers
see
whether
still
alive
whether
possessed
gun
indeed
weapon
ever
recovered
scene
proof
chambers
ever
owned
pistol
one
witness
testified
standing
street
near
liberty
shot
looking
chambers
shooting
began
sure
chambers
fire
shots
petitioner
second
defense
gable
mcdonald
shot
officer
liberty
partially
successful
however
efforts
bring
jury
testimony
supporting
defense
sam
hardin
lifelong
friend
mcdonald
testified
saw
mcdonald
shoot
liberty
second
witness
one
liberty
cousins
testified
saw
mcdonald
immediately
shooting
pistol
hand
addition
testimony
two
witnesses
chambers
endeavored
show
jury
mcdonald
repeatedly
confessed
crime
chambers
attempted
prove
mcdonald
admitted
responsibility
murder
four
separate
occasions
gave
sworn
statement
chambers
counsel
three
times
prior
occasion
private
conversations
friends
large
measure
thwarted
attempt
present
portion
defense
strict
application
certain
mississippi
rules
evidence
chambers
asserts
unsuccessfully
motion
new
trial
appeal
state
application
evidentiary
rules
rendered
trial
fundamentally
unfair
deprived
due
process
law
necessary
therefore
examine
carefully
rulings
made
trial
ii
chambers
filed
pretrial
motion
requesting
order
mcdonald
appear
chambers
also
sought
ruling
time
state
chose
call
mcdonald
allowed
call
adverse
witness
attached
motion
copies
mcdonald
sworn
confession
transcript
preliminary
hearing
repudiated
confession
trial
granted
motion
requiring
mcdonald
appear
reserved
ruling
motion
trial
state
failed
put
mcdonald
stand
chambers
called
mcdonald
laid
predicate
introduction
sworn
confession
admitted
evidence
read
jury
state
upon
elicited
mcdonald
fact
repudiated
prior
confession
mcdonald
testified
preliminary
hearing
shoot
liberty
confessed
crime
promise
reverend
stokes
go
jail
share
sizable
tort
recovery
town
also
retold
story
actions
evening
shooting
including
visit
cafe
street
absence
scene
critical
period
subsequent
trip
hospital
chambers
conclusion
state
chambers
renewed
motion
examine
mcdonald
adverse
witness
trial
denied
motion
stating
may
hostile
adverse
sense
word
request
overruled
appeal
state
upheld
trial
ruling
finding
mcdonald
testimony
adverse
appellant
owhere
point
finger
chambers
defeated
attempt
challenge
directly
mcdonald
renunciation
prior
confession
chambers
sought
introduce
testimony
three
witnesses
mcdonald
admitted
shot
officer
first
sam
hardin
testified
night
shooting
spent
late
evening
hours
mcdonald
friend
house
return
hospital
driving
mcdonald
home
later
night
mcdonald
stated
shot
liberty
state
objected
admission
testimony
ground
hearsay
trial
sustained
objection
berkley
turner
friend
mcdonald
said
drinking
beer
shooting
occurred
called
testify
jury
presence
without
objection
testified
cafe
saturday
beers
mcdonald
jury
excused
absence
jury
turner
recounted
conversations
mcdonald
riding
james
williams
take
chambers
hospital
asked
whether
mcdonald
said
anything
regarding
shooting
liberty
turner
testified
mcdonald
told
shot
turner
stated
one
week
later
met
mcdonald
friend
house
mcdonald
reminded
prior
conversation
urged
turner
mess
petitioner
argued
especially
proof
case
corroborative
statements
turner
testimony
mcdonald
remarks
admitted
exception
hearsay
rule
trial
sustained
state
objection
third
witness
albert
carter
mcdonald
neighbor
friends
years
although
carter
woodville
evening
shooting
stated
learned
next
morning
mcdonald
day
mcdonald
walked
well
near
mcdonald
house
mcdonald
told
one
shot
officer
liberty
carter
testified
mcdonald
also
told
disposed
revolver
later
night
testified
several
weeks
shooting
accompanied
mcdonald
natchez
mcdonald
purchased
another
pistol
replace
one
discarded
jury
allowed
hear
carter
testimony
chambers
urged
statements
admissible
state
objected
sustained
objection
appeal
state
approved
lower
exclusion
witnesses
testimony
hearsay
grounds
sum
chambers
predicament
consequence
combination
mississippi
party
witness
voucher
rule
hearsay
rule
unable
either
mcdonald
present
witnesses
behalf
discredited
mcdonald
repudiation
demonstrated
complicity
chambers
however
chipped
away
fringes
mcdonald
story
introducing
admissible
testimony
sources
indicating
seen
cafe
said
shooting
started
beer
turner
possessed
pistol
time
crime
remained
mcdonald
testimony
single
written
confession
countered
arguably
acceptable
renunciation
chambers
defense
far
less
persuasive
might
given
opportunity
subject
mcdonald
statements
confessions
admitted
iii
right
accused
criminal
trial
due
process
essence
right
fair
opportunity
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state
accusations
rights
confront
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call
witnesses
one
behalf
long
recognized
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process
justice
black
writing
oliver
identified
rights
among
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essentials
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trial
person
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charge
opportunity
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right
day
basic
system
jurisprudence
rights
include
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examine
witnesses
offer
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chambers
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opportunity
subject
mcdonald
damning
repudiation
alibi
allowed
test
witness
recollection
probe
details
alibi
sift
conscience
jury
might
judge
whether
mcdonald
testimony
worthy
belief
mattox
right
desirable
rule
trial
procedure
implicit
constitutional
right
confrontation
helps
assure
accuracy
process
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evans
bruton
indeed
essential
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trial
country
constitutional
goal
pointer
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course
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confront
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may
appropriate
cases
bow
accommodate
legitimate
interests
criminal
trial
process
mancusi
stubbs
denial
significant
diminution
calls
question
ultimate
integrity
process
requires
competing
interest
closely
examined
berger
california
case
petitioner
request
mcdonald
denied
basis
mississippi
rule
party
may
impeach
witness
rule
rests
presumption
without
regard
circumstances
particular
case
party
calls
witness
vouches
credibility
clark
lansford
miss
although
historical
origins
voucher
rule
uncertain
appears
remnant
primitive
english
trial
practice
compurgators
called
stand
behind
particular
party
position
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assertions
strictly
partisan
quite
unlike
witnesses
criminal
trials
today
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bore
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relation
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ascertainment
facts
whatever
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rule
may
enjoyed
apart
whatever
usefulness
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today
civil
trial
process
bears
little
present
relationship
realities
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process
might
logical
early
common
law
require
party
vouch
credibility
witnesses
brought
jury
affirm
veracity
selected
especially
purpose
party
might
reasonably
expected
stand
firmly
behind
testimony
modern
criminal
trials
defendants
rarely
able
select
witnesses
must
take
find
moreover
applied
case
voucher
rule
impact
doubly
harmful
chambers
efforts
develop
defense
precluded
mcdonald
state
conceded
oral
argument
also
restricted
scope
direct
examination
rule
corollary
requirement
party
calling
witness
bound
anything
might
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therefore
effectively
prevented
exploring
circumstances
mcdonald
three
prior
oral
confessions
challenging
renunciation
written
confession
mississippi
sought
defend
rule
explain
underlying
rationale
contended
rule
override
accused
right
confrontation
instead
argues
incompatibility
rule
chambers
rights
right
confrontation
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point
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testimony
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chambers
convincing
state
proof
trial
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theory
one
person
participated
shooting
liberty
extent
mcdonald
sworn
confession
tended
incriminate
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chambers
circumstances
case
mcdonald
retraction
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chambers
extent
exculpated
mcdonald
hardly
disputed
mcdonald
testimony
fact
seriously
adverse
chambers
availability
right
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give
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testimony
accused
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held
depend
whether
witness
initially
put
stand
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chambers
right
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need
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however
whether
error
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reversal
since
chambers
claimed
denial
due
process
rests
ultimate
impact
error
viewed
conjunction
trial
refusal
permit
call
witnesses
trial
refused
allow
introduce
testimony
hardin
turner
carter
testified
statements
purportedly
made
mcdonald
three
separate
occasions
shortly
crime
naming
murderer
state
approved
exclusion
evidence
ground
hearsay
hearsay
rule
long
recognized
respected
virtually
every
state
based
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grounded
notion
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fact
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lack
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order
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california
green
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years
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declarations
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person
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interest
time
made
mississippi
recognizes
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applies
declarations
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interest
recognizes
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penal
interest
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gun
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harris
dutton
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mcdonald
stood
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three
friends
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prosecution
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washington
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chambers
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process
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rulings
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deprived
chambers
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trial
judgment
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case
remanded
mississippi
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
upon
chambers
motion
change
venue
granted
trial
held
amite
county
east
woodville
change
trial
setting
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petitioner
claim
adverse
publicity
hostile
attitude
police
sheriff
staffs
woodville
obtain
fair
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trial
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case
despite
state
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clear
chambers
asserted
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process
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right
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filed
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verdict
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appeal
state
affirmance
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chambers
filed
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addressed
almost
entirely
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trial
conducted
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