monell
new
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female
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petitioners
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nancy
stearns
jack
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sheridan
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bernard
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emphasis
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omitted
third
municipalities
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area
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indefinitely
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house
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injured
legal
representatives
emphasis
added
footnotes
plaintiffs
alleged
new
york
citywide
policy
forcing
women
take
maternity
leave
fifth
month
pregnancy
unless
city
physician
head
employee
agency
allowed
additional
two
months
work
amended
complaint
app
defendants
deny
stated
policy
changed
suit
instituted
answer
app
plaintiffs
alleged
board
policy
requiring
women
take
maternity
leave
seventh
month
pregnancy
unless
month
fell
last
month
school
year
case
teacher
remain
end
school
term
amended
complaint
app
allegation
denied
answer
app
amended
complaint
app
petitioners
conceded
department
social
services
enjoys
status
new
york
city
monroe
purposes
see
milliken
bradley
dayton
board
education
brinkman
vorchheimer
school
district
philadelphia
east
carroll
parish
school
board
marshall
milliken
bradley
bradley
richmond
school
board
cleveland
board
education
lafleur
keyes
school
district
denver
san
antonio
school
district
rodriguez
swann
board
education
northcross
memphis
board
education
carter
west
feliciana
parish
school
board
alexander
holmes
county
board
education
kramer
union
free
school
district
tinker
des
moines
independent
school
district
monroe
board
raney
board
education
green
new
kent
county
school
board
abington
school
district
schempp
goss
board
education
mcneese
board
education
orleans
parish
school
board
bush
brown
board
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cleveland
board
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lafleur
supra
app
keyes
school
district
denver
app
swann
board
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pet
cert
northcross
memphis
board
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tinker
des
moines
independent
school
district
supra
mcneese
board
education
supra
however
uphold
monroe
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part
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expressly
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justice
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municipalities
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city
kenosha
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see
monroe
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county
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support
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rights
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primarily
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quoted
appendix
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infra
ibid
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see
globe
quoted
appendix
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infra
let
people
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understand
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hue
cry
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wholesome
globe
senator
sherman
apparently
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committee
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globe
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kentucky
maryland
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new
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similar
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shellabarger
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municipal
liability
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sherman
senate
opponents
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number
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voted
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lafayette
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chattanooga
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atlanta
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congress
understanding
status
municipal
corporations
context
opponents
amendment
well
aware
municipalities
subjected
jurisdiction
federal
courts
context
suits
enforce
contracts
cong
globe
remarks
kerr
expressed
skepticism
jurisdiction
exercised
cases
sounding
tort
suppose
judgment
obtained
section
property
found
levy
upon
except
courthouse
levy
sell
section
provides
action
tort
action
ex
delicto
county
never
entered
contract
state
never
authorized
county
assume
liability
sort
imposed
liability
upon
opinion
simply
absurd
remarks
farnsworth
iii
decision
monroe
pape
fountainhead
torrent
civil
rights
litigation
last
years
using
vehicle
courts
articulated
new
previously
unforeseeable
interpretations
fourteenth
amendment
time
doctrine
municipal
immunity
enunciated
monroe
protected
municipalities
limited
treasuries
consequences
officials
failure
predict
course
constitutional
jurisprudence
none
members
foresee
practical
consequences
today
removal
protection
congress
benefit
advice
every
segment
diverse
nation
equipped
consider
results
drastic
change
law
seems
inevitable
find
necessary
today
decision
affirm
judgment
appeals
pointed
mt
healthy
city
board
ed
doyle
existence
claim
relief
jurisdictional
purposes
invoking
even
though
existence
meritorious
constitutional
claim
similarly
required
order
invoke
jurisdiction
see
bell
hood
statutes
cited
ante
make
mention
refer
generally
suits
local
educational
agency
noted
appeals
suits
may
maintained
board
members
official
capacities
injunctive
relief
either
ex
parte
young
congress
stop
consider
technically
proper
avenue
relief
merely
responded
fact
relief
granted
practical
result
choosing
avenue
suggested
petitioners
subjection
school
corporations
liability
damages
nothing
recent
congressional
history
even
remotely
supports
result
find
somewhat
ironic
abandoning
supposedly
holding
monroe
brother
powell
relies
heavily
upon
cases
involving
school
boards
although
admits
exercise
jurisdiction
perhaps
premised
considered
holdings
ante
generally
thought
today
provided
avenue
relief
unconstitutional
takings
federal
courts
granted
compensation
state
local
governments
resorted
implied
right
action
fifth
fourteenth
amendments
richmond
elks
hall
assn
richmond
redevelopment
agency
supp
nd
cal
foster
detroit
since
today
abandons
holding
monroe
chiefly
strength
bingham
arguments
indeed
anomalous
provide
relief
local
government
state
seizes
private
property
see
ante
fitzpatrick
bitzer
edelman
jordan