beer
argued
march
decided
march
new
orleans
city
charter
provides
city
council
one
member
elected
five
councilmanic
districts
two
elected
voters
city
large
council
required
decennial
census
redistricted
city
based
census
one
councilmanic
district
negroes
constituted
majority
population
half
registered
voters
four
districts
white
voters
outnumbered
negroes
negro
elected
council
census
council
devised
reapportionment
plan
negro
population
majorities
two
councilmanic
districts
negro
voter
majority
one
section
voting
rights
act
prohibits
state
political
subdivision
subject
act
new
orleans
enforcing
proposed
change
voting
procedures
unless
obtained
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
submitted
change
attorney
general
objected
proposed
plan
objected
attorney
general
new
orleans
sought
declaratory
judgment
district
refused
allow
plan
go
effect
holding
effect
abridging
negro
voting
rights
moreover
plan
failure
alter
city
charter
provision
two
seats
effect
held
since
language
clearly
provides
applies
proposed
changes
voting
procedures
since
seats
existed
without
change
since
seats
subject
review
district
consequently
erred
holding
plan
rejected
solely
eliminate
two
seats
pp
legislative
reapportionment
enhances
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
violate
unless
new
apportionment
discriminates
racially
violate
constitution
applying
standard
contrast
apportionment
none
five
councilmanic
districts
clear
negro
voting
majority
negro
elected
council
negroes
plan
question
constitute
population
majority
two
five
districts
clear
voting
majority
one
predictable
bloc
voting
one
perhaps
two
negroes
elected
council
district
therefore
erred
concluding
plan
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
within
meaning
pp
stewart
delivered
opinion
burger
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
white
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
marshall
filed
dissenting
opinion
brennan
joined
post
stevens
took
part
consideration
decision
case
james
stoner
reargued
cause
appellants
brief
blake
arata
ernest
salatich
james
treese
ernest
ruffner
deputy
solicitor
general
wallace
reargued
cause
briefs
solicitor
general
bork
assistant
attorney
general
pottinger
john
rupp
brian
landsberg
walter
barnett
stanley
halpin
reargued
cause
appellees
jackson
et
al
briefs
jack
greenberg
james
nabrit
iii
eric
schnapper
wiley
branton
justice
stewart
delivered
opinion
section
voting
rights
act
prohibits
state
political
subdivision
subject
act
enforcing
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
unless
obtained
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
submitted
proposed
change
attorney
general
attorney
general
objected
constitutionality
procedure
upheld
south
carolina
katzenbach
well
established
applicable
state
political
subdivision
adopts
legislative
reapportionment
plan
allen
state
board
elections
georgia
city
new
orleans
brought
suit
seeking
judgment
declaring
reapportionment
new
orleans
councilmanic
districts
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
district
entered
judgment
dismissal
holding
new
reapportionment
plan
effect
abridging
voting
rights
new
orleans
negro
citizens
supp
city
appealed
judgment
claiming
district
used
incorrect
standard
assessing
effect
reapportionment
unit
noted
probable
jurisdiction
appeal
new
orleans
city
almost
people
population
white
remaining
negro
registered
voters
white
remaining
negro
new
orleans
adopted
form
government
since
time
municipal
charter
provided
city
council
consist
seven
members
one
elected
five
councilmanic
districts
two
elected
voters
city
large
charter
also
requires
adjustment
boundaries
five
councilmanic
districts
following
decennial
census
reflect
population
shifts
among
districts
city
council
redistricted
city
based
census
figures
reapportionment
plan
established
four
districts
stretched
edge
lake
pontchartrain
north
side
city
mississippi
river
city
south
side
fifth
district
wedge
shaped
encompassed
city
downtown
area
one
councilmanic
districts
negroes
constituted
majority
population
half
registered
voters
four
districts
white
voters
clearly
outnumbered
negro
voters
negro
elected
new
orleans
city
council
decade
receipt
census
figures
city
council
adopted
reapportionment
plan
plan
continued
basic
pattern
councilmanic
districts
combined
downtown
district
plan
negroes
constituted
majority
population
two
districts
make
majority
registered
voters
district
largest
percentage
negro
voters
single
district
plan
city
submitted
plan
attorney
general
pursuant
objected
stating
appeared
dilute
black
voting
strength
combining
number
black
voters
larger
number
white
voters
five
districts
also
expressed
view
district
lines
drawn
compelling
governmental
need
district
lines
reflect
numeric
population
configurations
considerations
district
compactness
regularity
shape
even
attorney
general
objected
plan
city
authorities
commenced
work
second
plan
plan
ii
plan
followed
general
districting
pattern
common
apportionment
plan
produced
negro
population
majorities
two
districts
negro
voter
majority
one
district
plan
ii
submitted
attorney
general
posed
objections
raised
plan
addition
noted
predominantly
black
neighborhoods
city
located
generally
east
west
progression
pointed
use
districts
situation
almost
inevitably
effect
diluting
maximum
potential
impact
negro
vote
following
rejection
attorney
general
plan
ii
city
brought
declaratory
judgment
action
district
district
columbia
district
concluded
plan
ii
effect
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
calculated
negroes
elect
city
councilmen
proportion
share
city
registered
voters
able
choose
city
seven
councilmen
proportion
share
city
population
choose
councilmen
plan
ii
district
concluded
since
new
orleans
elections
marked
bloc
voting
along
racial
lines
negroes
probably
able
elect
one
councilman
candidate
one
councilmanic
district
majority
voters
negroes
difference
mathematical
potential
predicted
reality
burden
case
bar
least
demonstrate
nothing
redistricting
proposed
plan
ii
feasible
concluded
city
made
sort
demonstration
indeed
conceded
trial
neither
plan
variations
city
sole
available
alternative
ibid
separate
independent
ground
rejecting
plan
ii
district
held
failure
plan
alter
city
charter
provision
establishing
two
seats
effect
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
put
city
supported
choice
elections
consideration
satisfy
standard
compelling
governmental
interest
need
demonstrate
improbability
realization
use
districts
evaluations
compel
conclusion
feature
city
electoral
scheme
two
councilmen
selected
large
effect
impermissibly
minimizing
vote
black
citizens
conclusion
additional
reason
city
redistricting
plan
pass
muster
footnotes
omitted
district
therefore
refused
allow
plan
ii
go
effect
result
councilmanic
elections
new
orleans
since
councilmen
elected
time
appointed
successors
remained
office
ever
since
ii
appellants
urge
reargument
case
conceded
district
mistaken
holding
plan
ii
rejected
solely
eliminate
two
councilmanic
seats
existed
since
appellants
correct
interpretation
statute
regard
language
clearly
provides
applies
proposed
changes
voting
procedures
iscriminatory
practices
instituted
prior
november
subject
requirement
preclearance
commission
civil
rights
voting
rights
act
ten
years
ordinance
adopted
plan
ii
made
reference
councilmanic
seats
indeed
since
seats
established
city
charter
ordinance
altered
change
charter
required
approval
city
voters
seats
existed
without
change
since
subject
review
proceeding
principal
argument
made
appellants
district
erred
concluding
makeup
five
geographic
councilmanic
districts
plan
ii
effect
abridging
voting
rights
account
race
color
evaluating
claim
important
note
outset
question
one
constitutional
law
statutory
construction
determination
legislative
reapportionment
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
must
depend
therefore
upon
intent
congress
enacting
voting
rights
act
specifically
legislative
history
reveals
basic
purpose
congress
enacting
voting
rights
act
rid
country
racial
discrimination
voting
south
carolina
katzenbach
section
intended
play
important
role
achieving
goal
section
response
common
practice
jurisdictions
staying
one
step
ahead
federal
courts
passing
new
discriminatory
voting
laws
soon
old
ones
struck
practice
possible
new
law
remained
effect
justice
department
private
plaintiffs
able
sustain
burden
proving
new
law
discriminatory
congress
therefore
decided
held
shift
advantage
time
inertia
perpetrators
evil
victim
freezing
election
procedures
covered
areas
unless
changes
shown
nondiscriminatory
pp
footnotes
omitted
prohibiting
enforcement
change
demonstrated
department
justice
federal
change
discriminatory
effect
congress
desired
prevent
undo
ing
defeat
ing
rights
recently
negroes
section
intended
insure
gains
thus
far
achieved
minority
political
participation
shall
destroyed
new
discriminatory
procedures
techniques
adopted
extension
voting
rights
act
congress
explicitly
stated
standard
fully
satisfied
determining
basis
facts
found
attorney
general
district
true
whether
ability
minority
groups
participate
political
process
elect
choices
office
augmented
diminished
affected
change
affecting
voting
emphasis
added
words
purpose
always
insure
changes
made
lead
retrogression
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
thus
apparent
legislative
reapportionment
enhances
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
hardly
effect
diluting
abridging
right
vote
account
race
within
meaning
conclude
therefore
ameliorative
new
legislative
apportionment
violate
unless
new
apportionment
discriminates
basis
race
color
violate
constitution
application
standard
facts
present
case
straightforward
apportionment
none
five
councilmanic
districts
clear
negro
majority
registered
voters
negro
elected
new
orleans
city
council
apportionment
system
effect
plan
ii
contrast
negroes
constitute
majority
population
two
five
districts
clear
majority
registered
voters
one
thus
every
reason
predict
upon
district
hypothesis
bloc
voting
least
one
perhaps
two
negroes
may
well
elected
council
plan
ii
therefore
error
district
conclude
plan
ii
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
within
meaning
voting
rights
act
accordingly
judgment
district
vacated
case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
whenever
state
political
subdivision
respect
prohibitions
set
forth
section
title
based
upon
determinations
made
first
sentence
section
title
effect
shall
enact
seek
administer
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
whenever
state
political
subdivision
respect
prohibitions
set
forth
section
title
based
upon
determinations
made
second
sentence
section
title
effect
shall
enact
seek
administer
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
whenever
state
political
subdivision
respect
prohibitions
set
forth
section
title
based
upon
determinations
made
third
sentence
section
title
effect
shall
enact
seek
administer
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
state
subdivision
may
institute
action
district
district
columbia
declaratory
judgment
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
contravention
guarantees
set
forth
section
title
unless
enters
judgment
person
shall
denied
right
vote
failure
comply
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
provided
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
may
enforced
without
proceeding
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
submitted
chief
legal
officer
appropriate
official
state
subdivision
attorney
general
attorney
general
interposed
objection
within
sixty
days
submission
upon
good
cause
shown
facilitate
expedited
approval
within
sixty
days
submission
attorney
general
affirmatively
indicated
objection
made
neither
affirmative
indication
attorney
general
objection
made
attorney
general
failure
object
declaratory
judgment
entered
section
shall
bar
subsequent
action
enjoin
enforcement
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
event
attorney
general
affirmatively
indicates
objection
made
within
period
following
receipt
submission
attorney
general
may
reserve
right
reexamine
submission
additional
information
comes
attention
remainder
period
otherwise
require
objection
accordance
section
action
section
shall
heard
determined
three
judges
accordance
provisions
section
title
appeal
shall
lie
stat
amended
stat
supp
ed
supp
louisiana
political
subdivisions
subject
provisions
fed
reg
action
actually
brought
behalf
city
new
orleans
six
seven
members
city
council
convenience
appellants
sometimes
referred
opinion
new
orleans
city
defendants
suit
attorney
general
group
negro
voters
new
orleans
intervened
side
defendants
district
difference
two
figures
due
part
fact
proportionately
whites
voting
age
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vote
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part
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structures
white
negro
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new
orleans
differ
significantly
white
population
voting
age
negro
population
voting
age
see
civil
rights
commission
voting
rights
act
ten
years
pp
decision
draft
new
plan
large
part
attributable
opposition
plan
expressed
residents
algiers
part
new
orleans
located
south
mississippi
river
residents
algiers
common
interest
promoting
construction
additional
bridge
across
river
always
represented
one
councilman
opposed
plan
primarily
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algiers
among
three
councilmanic
districts
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plan
algiers
see
supra
quieted
plan
ii
placing
section
city
one
councilmanic
district
district
address
question
whether
plan
ii
adopted
purpose
see
supra
course
rejected
proposition
members
minority
group
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right
represented
legislative
bodies
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population
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whitcomb
chavis
worth
noting
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district
applied
mathematical
calculations
five
seats
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see
part
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concluded
basis
registered
voter
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orleans
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councilmen
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infra
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satisfy
last
term
city
richmond
decide
circumstances
permit
city
annex
additional
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city
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population
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approved
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aspect
system
electing
councilmen
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produce
results
fairly
reflect
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strength
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city
richmond
case
thus
decided
change
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voting
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involves
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impact
upon
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voting
power
negroes
cf
justice
brennan
dissenting
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city
richmond
supra
take
fundamental
objective
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voting
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black
population
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original
intervenors
advised
us
statistics
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percentage
negro
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voters
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whole
increased
assuming
accuracy
estimates
increase
proportionate
councilmanic
district
quite
possible
time
majority
population
also
majority
registered
voters
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plan
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race
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wright
rockefeller
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closest
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gomillion
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motivated
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one
man
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reynolds
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claims
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apportionments
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ethnic
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fortson
dorsey
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richardson
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regester
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cases
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white
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marshall
agree
voting
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act
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changes
election
procedures
burdensome
complaining
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procedures
understand
validity
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reach
section
must
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whether
proposed
legislation
purpose
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right
vote
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race
color
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light
district
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supported
evidence
questioned
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nominating
process
new
orleans
councilmanic
elections
subject
majority
vote
rules
history
bloc
racial
voting
new
orleans
predictable
result
negro
candidate
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district
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view
facts
exist
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segregated
residential
pattern
satisfied
unless
extent
practicable
new
electoral
districts
afford
negro
minority
opportunity
achieve
legislative
representation
roughly
proportional
negro
population
community
city
council
black
minority
constituting
approximately
population
new
orleans
entitled
construe
opportunity
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least
three
city
councilmen
provided
plan
issue
bloc
racial
voting
unfortunate
phenomenon
repeatedly
faced
findings
knowledgeable
district
courts
fact
life
exists
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result
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race
minority
see
congress
power
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effects
racial
voting
particularly
occurs
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electoral
rules
operating
muffle
political
potential
minority
also
satisfied
aimed
end
among
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construed
applied
see
city
richmond
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