williams state north carolina argued october decided december strickland lenoir petitioners hughes rhodes burlington respondent justice douglas delivered opinion petitioners tried convicted bigamous cohabitation north carolina sentenced term years state prison judgment conviction affirmed north carolina case certiorari petitioner williams married carrie wyke north carolina lived may petitioner hendrix married thomas hendrix north carolina lived may time petitioners went las vegas nevada june filed divorce action nevada defendants divorce actions entered appearance served process nevada case defendant thomas hendrix service publication publication summons law vegas newspaper mailing copy summons complaint last post office address case defendant carrie liams north carolina sheriff delivered north carolina copy summons complaint decree divorce granted petitioner williams nevada august grounds extreme cruelty finding plaintiff bona fide continuous resident county clark state nevada resident six weeks immediately preceding commencement action manner prescribed nevada granted petitioner hendrix divorce october grounds wilful neglect extreme cruelty made finding petitioner bona fide residence nevada made case williams petitioners married nevada october thereafter returned north carolina lived together indictment returned petitioners pleaded guilty offered evidence exemplified copies nevada proceedings contending divorce drcrees nevada marriage valid north carolina well nevada state contended since neither defendants nevada actions served nevada entered appearance nevada decrees recognized valid north carolina issue charged jury substance nevada divorce decree based substituted service defendant made appearance recognized north carolina rule pridgen pridgen state contended petitioners went nevada establish bona fide residence solely purpose taking advantage laws state obtain divorce fraud upon issue charged jury rule state herron defendants burden satisfying jury beyond reasonable doubt bona fides residence nevada required time petitioners excepted charges north carolina affirming judgment held north carolina required recognize nevada decrees full faith credit clause constitution art iv reason haddock haddock intimation majority opinion pages nevada divorces collusive suggests second theory state tried case may alternative ground decision adequate sustain judgment rule bell bell case held decree divorce entitled full faith credit granted constructive service courts state neither spouse domiciled two reasons reach issue case first place north carolina seek sustain judgment ground moreover admits probably enough evidence record require petitioners considered actually domiciled nevada second place verdict petitioners general one hence even though doctrine bell bell supra deemed applicable determine ord petitioners convicted theory case tried submitted viz invalidity nevada decrees nevada lack jurisdiction defendants divorce suits say verdict jury know may rendered ground alone since specify basis rested therefore follows stromberg california one grounds conviction invalid federal constitution judgment sustained reason suggested rule stromberg case inapplicable reason advanced rule stromberg case appropriate necessary protection rights accused say general verdict guilty upheld though know rest invalid constitutional ground case submitted jury countenance procedure cause serious impairment constitutional rights accordingly avoid meeting haddock haddock issue case saying petitioners acquired bona fide domicil nevada case tried submitted issue quite different problem bell bell indicates occasion meet issue intimate opinion however might resolved another proceeding evade constitutional issue case easy assumption petitioners domicil nevada sham fraud rather must treat present case purpose limited issue us precisely petitioners resided nevada term years long ago acquired permanent abode words reach question whether north carolina refuse recognize nevada decrees view contrary findings nevada petitioners actual bona fide domicil nevada concluded haddock haddock correctly decided think haddock case involved suit separation alimony brought new york wife personal service husband husband pleaded defense divorce drcree obtained connecticut established separate domicil held new york matrimonial domicil wife still resided need give full faith credit connecticut decree since obtained husband wrongfully left wife matrimonial domicil service obtained publication entered appearance action agree theory haddock case far marital status parties decree divorce granted circumstances one state need given full faith credit another article iv constitution directs faith credit shall given state public acts records judicial proceedings every state also provides may general laws prescribe manner acts records proceedings shall proved effect thereof congress exercised power act may congress provided judgments faith credit given every within law usage courts state taken chief justice marshall stated hampton wheat judgment state credit validity effect every state pronounced whatever pleas good suit thereon state none others pleaded view survived substantially intact fauntleroy lum recently stated art iv act may require full faith credit given judgments state davis davis thus even though cause action entertained state forum either barred local statute limitations contravened local policy judgment thereon obtained sister state entitled full faith credit see christmas russell wall fauntleroy lum supra kenney lodge titus wallick exceptions engrafted rule laid chief justice marshall stated justice brandeis broderick rosner room left play conflicting policies narrow one far judgments concerned decisions distinguished show actual exceptions far apart haddock haddock reluctant admit exceptions case judgments rendered courts sister state since purpose art iv alter status several independent foreign sovereignties free ignore obligations created laws judicial proceedings others make integral parts single nation milwaukee county white supra pages page sure recognized case statutes extrastate effect congress prescribed conflicting interests two necessary alaska packers industrial accident principle come play case nevada decrees assailed ground nevada must give full faith credit divorce proceedings divorce statutes north carolina even avail stated alaska packers case facie every state entitled enforce courts statutes lawfully enacted one challenges right force given conflicting statute another state full faith credit clause assumes burden showing upon rational basis conflicting interests involved foreign state superior forum pages page difficult perceive north carolina said interest nevada domiciliaries superior interest nevada authority lends support view full faith credit clause compels courts one state subordinate local policy state respects domiciliaries statutes state certainly bradford electric light clapper hold indeed recent case pacific employers ins industrial accident held case statutes full faith credit clause require one state substitute statute applicable persons events within conflicting statute another state even though statute controlling force courts state enactment respect persons events moreover haddock haddock based contrary theory hold decree divorce granted courts one state need given full faith credit another grounds divorce recognized courts forum purport challenge disturb rule earlier established christmas russell supra subsequently fortified fauntleroy lum supra even though cause action entertained state forum judgment obtained thereon sister state entitled full faith credit majority opinion haddock case accepted cheever wilson wall atherton atherton cheever wilson held decree divorce granted state one spouse domiciled personal jurisdiction conclusive state obtained atherton atherton held full faith credit must given decree divorce granted state matrimonial domicil constructive service spouse state decisive difference cases haddock haddock said latter state granting divorce jurisdiction absent spouse since state matrimonial domicil place husband acquired separate domicil wrongfully left wife accordingly classified haddock haddock group cases hold courts one state jurisdiction either subject matter person defendant courts another state required virtue full faith credit clause enforce judgment differences result haddock haddock cases preceded rest distinctions view immaterial far full faith credit clause supporting legislaion concerned historical view proceeding divorce proceeding rem bishop marriage divorce rejected haddock case likewise agree aid solution problem presented case label proceedings proceedings rem suit however mere personam action domicil plaintiff immaterial jurisdiction personal action recognized haddock case elsewhere beale conflict laws essential order give jurisdiction entitle divorce decree extraterritorial effect least defendant neither personally served entered appearance findings made divorce decrees instant case must treated issue us meeting requirements seems clear provision nevada statute plaintiff type case must state required requires distinguished mere residence state latterner latterner lamb lamb hence decrees case like divorce decrees personam judgments involve marital status parties domicil creates relationship state adequate numerous exercises state power see lawrence state tax commission people state new york ex rel cohn graves milliken meyer skiriotes florida state sovereign rightful legitimate concern marital status persons domiciled within borders marriage relation creates problems large social importance protection offspring property interests enforcement marital responsibilities commanding problems field domestic relations state must deal thus plain state virtue command domiciliaries large interest institution marriage alter within borders marriage status spouse domiciled even though spouse absent constitutional barrier form nature substituted service see milliken meyer supra page page meet requirements due process atherton atherton supra page page accordingly admitted haddock case divorce decree though recognized new york binding spouses connecticut granted maynard hill upheld validity within territory oregon divorce decree granted legislature husband domiciled even though wife resided ohio husband deserted therefore follows nevada decrees taken full face value must phase case presently concerned wholly effective change state marital status petitioners spouses north carolina marriages apart requirements procedural due process atherton atherton supra page page challenged north carolina reason based federal constitution advanced contrary conclusion concession decrees effective nevada makes compelling reasons rejection theory result haddock case stated atherton atherton supra page page husband without wife wife without husband unknown law one lawfully divorced remarried nevada still married first spouse north carolina even complicated serious condition realized illinois declared perplexing distressing complication domestic relations many citizens different dunham dunham cumstances case man two wives wife two husbands reality sentence prison proves mere play words bigamist living one state one state permit lawfully live children second marriage bastards one state legitimate flow legalistic notion one spouse wrongfully deserted retains power matrimonial domicil domicil spouse follows wherever may go blame retains power considerations inapposite stated justice holmes dissent haddock case page page constitute fiction fiction always poor ground changing substantial rights furthermore fault wrong one spouse leaving becomes view jurisdictional fact ultimately pass whatever may said practical effect rule clouding divorce decrees question fault lies relevancy existence state power circumstances see bingham matter haddock haddock existence power state alter marital status domiciliaries distinguished wisdom exercise dependent underlying causes domestic rift said dependent relationship domicil creates pervasive control state marriage divorce within borders atherton atherton preceded haddock haddock thompson thompson followed recognized power state matrimonial domicil grant divorce absent spouse depend whether departure state justified stated see reason none advanced making existence state power depend inquiry fault domestic dispute lies difficult prick line distinction generality words full faith credit clause moreover far state power concerned distinction matrimonial domicil domicil later acquired suggested apparent see justice holmes dissenting haddock haddock supra page page goodrich matrimonial domicile yale one thing say matter state law jurisdiction grant divorce absent spouse depend whether consent conduct latter subjected interest marriage status law separate domicil acquired spouse beale conflict laws restatement conflict laws state adopts power less strict rule quite another thing say decrees affecting marital status domiciliaries entitled full faith credit sister certainly decrees state altering marital status domiciliaries valid throughout union even though requirements procedural due process wholly met rule fostered help bring disaster innocent persons children hitherto supposed offspring lawful marriage justice holmes dissenting haddock haddock supra page page else encourage collusive divorces beale constitutional protection decrees divorce intensely practical considerations emphasize us essential function full faith credit clause substituting command former principles comity broderick rosner supra page page altering several independent foreign sovereignties making parts single nation milwaukee county white supra page page objected however divorce decrees must given full faith credit substantial dilution sovereignty effected pointed rule one state policy strict control institution marriage thwarted decree lax state objection goes application full faith credit clause many situations objection varying degrees intensity enforcement judgment sister state based cause action enforced state forum mississippi policy gambling transactions overriden fauntleroy lum supra missouri judgment based mississippi contract enforced part price federal system course final arbiter question raised permissible limitation full faith credit clause alaska packers industrial accident supra page page milwaukee county white supra page page question us limited one first place repeat case must assume petitioners bona fide domicil nevada nevada domicil sham thus question present record whether divorce decree granted courts one state resident distinguished domiciliary entitled full faith credit another state reach question power north carolina refuse full faith credit nevada divorce decrees contrary findings nevada north carolina finds bona fide domicil acquired nevada second place question permissible limiation full faith credit clause involve decision part state policy divorce desirable one involve selection rule encourage one hand discourage practice divorce choice realm morals religion rests legislatures views marriage institution avenues escape created immaterial constitution constitution small measure brings separate sovereign integrated whole medium full faith credit clause within limits political power north carolina may course enforce policy regarding marriage institution basic civilization society also interest avoidance polygamous marriages loughran loughran protection innocent offspring marriages deemed legitimate jurisdictions equally legitimate concern status persons domiciled respects institution marriage one state acting accord requirements procedural due process alters marital status one domiciled state granting divorce absent spouse say decree excepted full faith credit clause merely enforcement recognition another state conflict policy latter whether congress power create exceptions see yarborough yarborough note dissenting opinion question express view sufficient note congress sweeping requirement judgments courts one state given full faith credit courts another done considerable interests involved substantial reaching effects allowance exception innocent persons indicate purpose full faith credit clause supporting legislation thwarted substantial degree rule haddock haddock perpetuated haddock haddock overruled judgment reversed cause remanded north carolina proceedings inconsistent opinion ordered reversed remanded directions justice frankfurter concurring join opinion think appropriate add words article british north america act gives parliament canada exclusive legislative authority deal marriage divorce similarly article australia constitution act empowers commonwealth parliament make laws respect marriage divorce constitution however reserves authority marriage divorce country like state constitutional power translate law notions policy concerning family institution citizens pass freely one state another tangled marital situations like one immediately us inevitably arise arose decision haddock case daresay continue arise matter today complications removed decisions neither crudest subtlest juggling legal concepts enable us bring forth uniform national law marriage divorce authorized qualified formulate national code domestic relations making depend upon determination deserter deserted upon shifting notions policy concealed cloudy abstraction domicile turn divorce probate may think modern social life today need constitution framed vesting national authority marriage divorce congress national legislatures canada australia vested powers beginning numerous proposals amend constitution confer authority introduced congress whose business amend constitution seen fit amend way need securing national uniformity dealing divorce either constitutional amendment means long concern conference governors special bodies convened consider problem see proceedings governors conference proceedings national congress uniform divorce laws abstain trying reach end indirection feel challenged task even though difficult judicial attempts solve problems intrinsically elements lend judicial judgment necessary remedies sort judges apt futile achievement presumptuous undertaking one respect within traditional authority professional competence contribute uniformity law marrige divorce enforce respect judgment state sister judgment rendered accordance settled procedural standards opinion shows clearly settled judgment binding state rendered equally binding every state rule law created federal courts comes constitution act may stat congress exercised power full faith credit clause meet special problems raised divorce decrees time enough consider scope power regard congress chooses exercise duty state respect judgments sister state arises judgments meet tests justice fair dealing embodied historic phrase process law case talk due process beside mark actions nevada taken due process law divorces purported decree without legal sanction every state including nevada occasion consider applicability full faith credit clause precisely nevada decrees satisfy requirements due process clause binding nevada upon absent spouses called upon decide whether judgments unassailable state rendered despite commands full faith credit clause null void elsewhere north carolina base disregard nevada decrees claim fraud sham claim made behalf north carolina decrees valid nevada indisputable nevada decrees like connecticut decree haddock case valid binding state rendered haddock haddock ann cas maynard hill atherton atherton denying constitutional sanction valid judgment outside state rendered haddock decision made arbitrary break past created distinctions incompatible role enforcing full faith credit clause freed hopeless refinements introduced case question us simply whether nevada decrees rendered circumstances make binding absent spouses state rendered north carolina challenge power nevada declare marital status persons found nevada residents north carolina chose instead disrespect consequences nevada exertion power therefore rhetorical say nevada seeking impose policy upon north carolina say north carolina seeking impose policy upon nevada small fraction community niceties resolving conflicts among laws likelihood matters complete indifference occasional pronouncements upon requirements full faith credit clause doubtless little effect upon divorces may likely lose way strays outside modest bounds special competence turns duty adjudicating legal phases broad social problem opportunity formulating judgments social policy quite beyond competence well authority justice murphy dissenting dissent today introduces undesirable rigidity application full faith credit clause problem acute interest union hold varying sharply divergent views problem shall treat marriage relation case considered one involving constitution alone rather case involves interaction public policy upon constitution say function become censors public morals decide case accordance may think wisest rule society respect divorce question public policy enters family generally regarded basic components national life solution problems engenderd marital relation formulation standards public morality connection therewith supervision domestic sense family affairs left individual state deepest concern citizens matters concomitantly concern exercises widest control marriage determining solemnized attendant obligations may dissolved conflict arises divergent policies two area legitimate governmental concern give appropriate consideration interests state recognition paramount interest state domicile marital status citizens held actual good faith domicile least one party essential confer authority jurisdiction courts state render decree divorce entitled extraterritorial effect full faith credit clause bell bell even though parties personally appear andrews andrews doctrine cases applied facts one question becomes simple one petitioners acquire bona fide domicil nevada agree brother jackson proper answer record north carolina state petitioners roots state immediately returned brief absence sufficient achieve purpose nevada requirements follows nevada decrees entitled extraterritorial effect challenged another state bell bell supra andrews andrews supra say nevada decrees without legal effect state nevada question us may purposes state petitioners released marital vows consistently procedural requirements fourteenth amendment basis compliance residential requirements constructive service process spouses conceding validity nevada decrees dissolving marriages mechanically follow full faith credit clause compels north carolina accept recognized area flexibility application clause preserve protect state policies matters vital public concern said conflicts state policies resolved giving automatic effect full faith credit clause appraising governmental interests jurisdiction turning scale decision according weight alaska packers industrial accident see also milwaukee county white compare dissenting opinion yarborough yarborough clause read literal exactness like mathematical formula great general clauses constitution placing limitations upon weld us nation cf home bldg loan blaisdell rather construed harmonize direction necessary residuum state power page page prominent residuum state power pointed right state deal marriage relations citizens pursue chosen domestic policy public morality connection nevada north carolina rights regard entitled recognition conflict rights resolved extending north carolina effects nevada action perfunctory application literal language full faith credit clause result measures north carolina adopted safeguard welfare citizens area legitimate governmental concern undermined interests considered north carolina sufficient validity clearly free compulsions full faith credit clause interest state devolution property within boundaries fall eastin olmsted olmsted hood mcgehee interest state application workmen compensation statute alaska packers industrial accident supra interest declining enforce penal laws another jurisdiction cf huntington attrill seem matters far less concern state untrammeled enforcement within borders standards public morality regard marriage relation considers best interests citizens element tragic incongruity fact individual may validly divorced one state another dual system government fact uniform laws many subjects give rise incongruities example common law took logical position individual one domicile time nevertheless said full faith credit clause prevent conflicting state decisions question individual domicile cf worcester county trust riley absence uniform law subject divorce limited application full faith credit clause must force nevada policy upon north carolina must compel nevada accept north carolina requirements fair result leave free regulate within area rights citizens justice jackson dissenting join exerting judicial power federal government compel state north carolina subordinate law nevada divorce decrees decision reaches far beyond immediate case subjects matrimonial laws state important limitations exceptions must recognize within borders permanent population nullifies power state protect citizens dissolution marriages courts easier system divorce subjects every marriage new infirmity one dissatisfied spouse may choose state easy divorce neither party ever lived commence proceedings without personal service process spouse remaining within state domicile need never know proceedings comes one knowledge choice equally useless alternatives one ignore foreign proceedings case marriage quite certain dissolved follow complaining spouse state choice defend laws grant dissolution relatively trivial grounds declare state powerless protect either policy family rights people consequences serious constitutional implications exaggeration say decision repeals divorce laws substitutes law nevada marriages one parties afford short trip significance decision best appraised orienting facts reference involved approves concrete case pattern anybody state may henceforth follow protection federal courts viewpoint north carolina situation williamses north carolina people married north carolina lived years four children hendrixes also married north carolina resided twenty years may williams hendrix left homes respective spouses departed state absence weeks reappeared set housekeeping husband wife north carolina hands three marriages among four people form two broken families one going concern problems thereby created property support maintenance know north carolina good ill strict policy divorce situation contrary laws attempted vindicate law convicting parties bigamy petitioners assert north carolina made powerless matter however proceedings carried nevada brief absence north carolina turn nevada part episode williams hendrix appear state nevada may barely six weeks made residences alamo auto las angeles road june filed bills complaint divorce lawyer alleging almost identical grounds personal service made spouse either case service publication substituted service obtained divorce decrees nevada policy divorce reflected hendrix case grounds mental cruelty sustained testifying husband talk speak spoke answered time nod shake head nothing cheerful latter two divorces granted october day nevada benefit clergy emerged man wife nevada served purpose affairs returned north carolina live question whether prohibit north carolina enforcing policy within state north carolinians ground law nevada lived weeks way projected north carolina give immunity function matter confided power resolve constitutional questions raised divorce procedures moral religious social questions divorce know certainty whether long run strict easy divorce best society whether either much effect moral conduct enough judicial purposes state reserved constitutional power determine divorce policy follows federal uphold impartially right nevada adopt easy divorce laws right north carolina enact severe ones difficulties arise long state applies laws permanent inhabitants complications begin one state opens courts extends privileges laws persons never domiciled attempts visit disadvantages therefrom upon persons never lived never submitted jurisdiction courts never lawfully summoned personal service process strikes orderly functioning federal constitutional system raises questions us prevailing opinion rests upon line cases christmas russell wall typical said judgment conclusive state pronounced equally conclusive everywhere id wall page rule uttered long ago different circumstances judgment question promissory note also said plainer proposition judgment valid judgment state rendered jurisdiction case undeniable defendant found jurisdiction duly served process appeared made full defence id wall page defendant tried relitigate lost cause sought give judgment effect home state properly held competent courts state reopen merits cause wise rule collateral impeachment ordinary judgment based upon personal jurisdiction made support theory must enforce different nevada judgments without formal inquiry jurisdiction rendered effect decision must give extraterritorial effect judgment state honors deprive control operation full faith credit due process clauses federal constitution cases contested jurisdiction vest first state pass facts necessary jurisdiction think state courts implement great general clauses defining judgments forced upon conflict policies laws judgments constituent federal system old persistent increasingly complex problem right state experiment rules choice governing matrimonial social life greatly impaired authority overlapped policy overridden judgments forced power federal extend protection orderly exercise right state make policy must find way confining state authority matters persons standard framers constitution lay rules guide us selecting two conflicting state judgments public acts receive federal aid extraterritorial enforcement necessary adequate body law reject test jurisdiction power render judgments question far faith credit federal command concerned application well established rules judgments fail merit enforcement two reasons ii lack due process law years ago decided state even plaintiff domicile render judgment divorce entitled federal enforcement nonresident appear personally served process haddock haddock term opinion much criticized particularly academic circles today however regarded law accepted applied good ill depending one view matter theoretical reasons change convincing opinion concedes nevada judgment forced upon north carolina absence personal service divorce proceeding action personam words settled family relationships may destroyed procedure recognize suit one collect grocery bill told divorce proceeding rem marriage relation reified treated res seems res follows fugitive matrimony state easy divorce although party remains home res contracted years cohabitation seem give local situs less logical hold continued presence one party marriage gives north carolina power protect res marriage relation hold transitory presence one gives nevada power destroy counsel bar met dilemma suggesting res exists party marriage seems fatal decree true dissolution res transit hardly operate dissolve res stayed north carolina course discussion reveal artificial fictional character whole doctrine res applied divorce action doubt promotes clarity thinking deal marriage terms res like piece land chattel might helpful think marriage relationship spring duties spouse society derived rights right soceity services conjugal love generally prove either priceless worthless none less law sometimes attempts evaluate terms money one deprived negligence design third party seem consistent legal system one continuing rights deprived without hearing neither seem summoned mail publication otherwise remote jurisdiction chosen party obliged submit marital rights adjudication state policy odds state marriage contracted matrimonial domicile established marriage often dealt contract course personal judgment rendered absent party cause action arising ordinary commercial contract without personal service process see reason marriage contract considered discriminated party marriage contract vulnerable foreign judgment without process party contract agree marriage contract different think difference favor thinks difference way told divorce personam action since haddock haddock supra held domicile necessary jurisdiction divorce hold state divorce jurisdiction unless domicile hold must jurisdiction domicile haddock haddock demonstrates support view seems seen maynard hill subsequent approval case haddock haddock supra pages pages maynard hill decided territory washington jurisdiction cut interest absent spouse land within borders protection land jurisdiction protection bigamy prosecutions jurisdiction plainly different matters although concedes present decision insupportable divorce personam action relies support opinions state one domiciled power enter valid criminal tax simple money judgments opinions wholly inapposite unless mean nevada jurisdiction nullify contract rights person never state declare liable commission crime payment taxes breach contract another state sure nobody ever supposed meant hold nevada judgments binding north carolina rendered without jurisdiction north carolina spouses necessary hold without conceivable validity may probably true nevada sufficient interest lives sojourn free spouses take new spouses without incurring criminal penalties nevada law know nothing constitution requires nevada adhere traditional concepts bigamous unions legitimacy fruit thereof control state property within borders complete suppose nevada effectively deal name divorce completely quite different thing say nevada dissolve marriages north carolinians dictate incidence bigamy statutes north carolina north carolina sought protect interests well case conceivable basis jurisdiction nevada absent fortiori north carolina think full faith credit clause slighted due process clause iii lack domicile think require divorce judgments asking enforcement full faith credit clause unlike judgments arising commercial transactions like must also supported domicile one parties within judgment state certainly reasonable requirement state legitimate concern matrimonial status two persons neither lives within territory seem indeed pay lip service principle understand holding domicile nevada gave power proceed without personal service process course reasoning see avoid issue concerning existence domicile facts face record put us certainly matter saying must treat present case purpose limited issue us precisely petitioners resided vada term years long ago acquired permanent abode think treat done done suggestion domicile within nevada stay six weeks alamo auto address hardly suggestive permanence hendrix testified case evidence williams case us residence nevada permanent character nevada made finding parties found necessarily equivalent accepts facts enough establish domicile state doubt set standards domicile internal concerns think require us accept name constitution impose nevada may prescribe six weeks indefinite permanent abode motor constituting domicile may readily prescribe six days indeed opinion carried logical conclusion state grant constructive domicile divorce purposes upon filing sort declaration intention follow required accept sufficient force recognize mailorder divorces well tourist divorces indeed difference bother principle thing concept domicile controlling factor choice law govern many relations individual well known framers constitution hardly contemplated person subject two conflicting state policies nevada north carolina undoubtedly expected many cases conflict use one domicile appropriate guide selecting law govern controversies domicile means relationship person alocality place one place roots real permanent home fourteenth amendment providing one residence state becomes citizen hereof probably used synonymous person locality place place one belongs federal system instances existence relationship state individual may federal question although reluctant accept view testing judgment determine whether qualifies federal enforcement apply doctrine domicile interpretation full faith credit clause nevada held duty respect statutes north carolina interfere application whose individual well matrimonial domicile within state unless domicile terminated north carolina required yield policy persons resident except upon showing nevada acquired domiciliary right redefine matrimonial status however trend recent decision break rigid concept domicile test right state deal important relations life trend particularly apparent cases authorized indeed encouraged several set standards domicile make conflicting findings domicile purpose taxing right succession worcester county trust riley completely repudiated domicile measure state right tax intangible property state tax commission aldrich present decision extends trend field matrimonial legislation direction contrary believe purpose constitution prevent overlapping conflict authority application full faith credit clause variety circumstances arise families break separate domiciles established grant many areas great difficulty believe justified making demoralizing decision order avoid making difficult ones iv practical considerations says judgment price federal system price pay yesterday pay tomorrow willed today may follow precedents irrespective merits matter obedience rule stare decisis consistency stability may served ends desirable thereby law predictable must shape conduct lower courts must apply break established law overrule precedents start new cluster leading cases define mean matter deliberate policy therefore search judicial pronouncement ushers new order matrimonial confusion irresponsibility hint countervailing public good believed served change little justification offered difficult believe offered intended seriously advances two practical considerations support present decision one serious condition lawfully divorced remarried nevada still married first spouse north carolina course begs question divorces completely ineffectual purpose relevant case agree serious nevada without jurisdiction divorce purports say sojourn two spouses gives four spouses rights acquire four think far serious force north carolina acquiesce proposition consideration advanced enforce divorces puts children divorcees years ago justice holmes perpetrated quip point holding divorces invalid many due confused state law thought good difficult find point shoe foot event supposed judicial responsibility regularity law regularity pedigrees footnotes sec provides part person married shall contract marriage person outside state marriage punishable bigamous contracted within state shall thereafter cohabit person state shall guilty felony shall punished cases bigamy nothing contained section shall extend person time second marriage shall lawfully divorced bond first marriage defendant hendrix written wife nevada attorney receipt original appearance sign appearance entered north carolina charged jury promise make appearance constitute one sec amended provides part bonds matrimony may obtained complaint oath district county cause therefor shall accrued defendant shall reside found plaintiff shall reside parties last cohabited plaintiff shall resided six weeks state suit brought following causes causes provided law sec provides civil cases jurisdiction depends upon residence one parties action shall require corroboration evidence residence thus question extraterritorial effect divorce decree insofar affects property another state see cases cited infra note fall eastin olmsted olmsted hood mcgehee decisions refuse require courts one state allow acts judgments another control disposition devolution realty former seem rest doctrine state land located mistress rules real property see hood mcgehee supra page page concurring opinion justice holmes fall eastin supra page page case provision davis provision exception appropriate application doctrine forum non conveniens see broderick rosner repeatedly stated full faith credit clause require one state enforce penal laws another see example huntington attrill converse hamilton bradford electric light clapper question whether judgment based penalty entitled full faith credit reserved milwaukee waukee county white dicta application full faith credit clause may limited policy law forum see bradford electric clapper supra page page alaska packers industrial accident commission broderick rosner supra note page page grover baker sewing machine radcliffe national exchange bank wiley baker baker eccles us chicago life ins cherry flexner farson sec amended supra note fact stay state long necessarily fatal existence domicil stated williamson osenton fact raises change abode change domicil absence intention live elsewhere intention stay time person contemplate end held sufficient page page see district columbia murphy doubt married woman may acquire country domicil separate husband williamson osenton supra pages page cases cited see ames proposed amendments constitution first century history contained annual report american historical association vol ii doc successive compilations prepared legislative reference service library congress twenty years professor beale justify decision satisfaction compare haddock revisited harvard law review beale constitutional protection decrees divorce harvard law review others seem lack capacity quick adjustment pennoyer neff riverside dan river cotton mills menefee cf mcdonald mabee flexner farson doherty goodman milliken meyer cf arndt griggs dewey des moines fall eastin ann cas olmsted olmsted hood mcgehee grannis ordean clark williard pink highway express lawrence state tax commission people state new york ex rel cohn graves milliken meyer skiriotes florida cf arndt griggs dewey des moines grannis orleans clark williard supra note spouse appears contests jurisdiction another state grant divorce may collaterally attack findings domicile jurisdiction made appearance davis davis also deserter matrimonial domicile may bound divorce granted state matrimonial domicile situated whether fault part deserter essential seems basis cases jurisdiction divorce open question atherton atherton haddock haddock supra pages pages thompson thompson decisions analogous problems might found afford adequate support decision cf state washington ex rel bond goodwin tucker superior doherty goodman see restatement conflict laws decision bell bell andrews andrews davis davis supra note way indicates finding domicile appearance absent spouse litigation question conclusive upon state domicile litigation involving interests merely parties cf stoll gottlieb note beale conflict laws compare texas florida commonwealth massachusetts missouri see harrison tweed death taxation domicile harvard law review florida help situation ordinary case rates tax prevailing controversy jurisdiction arise least four claim tax estate consists intangible property value least state facts assets insufficient meet claims claimant