new
york
belton
argued
april
decided
july
automobile
respondent
one
occupants
stopped
new
york
state
policeman
traveling
excessive
rate
speed
process
discovering
none
occupants
owned
car
related
owner
policeman
smelled
burnt
marihuana
saw
floor
car
envelope
suspected
containing
marihuana
directed
occupants
get
car
arrested
unlawful
possession
marihuana
searching
occupants
searched
passenger
compartment
car
found
jacket
belonging
respondent
unzipped
one
pockets
discovered
cocaine
subsequently
respondent
indicted
criminal
possession
controlled
substance
trial
denied
motion
suppress
cocaine
seized
jacket
pocket
respondent
pleaded
guilty
lesser
included
offense
preserving
claim
cocaine
seized
violation
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
appellate
division
new
york
upheld
constitutionality
search
seizure
new
york
appeals
reversed
held
search
respondent
jacket
search
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
hence
violate
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
jacket
located
inside
passenger
compartment
car
within
arrestee
immediate
control
within
meaning
chimel
california
wherein
held
lawful
custodial
arrest
creates
situation
justifying
contemporaneous
warrantless
search
arrestee
immediately
surrounding
area
may
police
search
passenger
compartment
car
circumstances
may
also
examine
contents
containers
found
passenger
compartment
container
may
searched
whether
open
closed
since
justification
search
arrestee
privacy
interest
container
lawful
custodial
arrest
justifies
infringement
privacy
interest
arrestee
may
pp
reversed
stewart
delivered
opinion
burger
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
rehnquist
filed
concurring
statement
post
stevens
filed
statement
concurring
judgment
post
brennan
post
white
post
filed
dissenting
opinions
marshall
joined
james
harvey
argued
cause
petitioner
brief
michael
tantillo
paul
cambria
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
deputy
solicitor
general
frey
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
solicitor
general
mccree
acting
assistant
attorney
general
keeney
elliott
schulder
richard
emery
charles
sims
bruce
ennis
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
stewart
delivered
opinion
occupant
automobile
subjected
lawful
custodial
arrest
constitutionally
permissible
scope
search
incident
arrest
include
passenger
compartment
automobile
riding
question
issue
present
case
april
trooper
douglas
nicot
new
york
state
policeman
driving
unmarked
car
new
york
thruway
passed
another
automobile
traveling
excessive
rate
speed
nicot
gave
chase
overtook
speeding
vehicle
ordered
driver
pull
side
road
stop
four
men
car
one
roger
belton
respondent
case
policeman
asked
see
driver
license
automobile
registration
discovered
none
men
owned
vehicle
related
owner
meanwhile
policeman
smelled
burnt
marihuana
seen
floor
car
envelope
marked
supergold
associated
marihuana
therefore
directed
men
get
car
placed
arrest
unlawful
possession
marihuana
patted
men
split
four
separate
areas
thruway
time
physical
touching
area
picked
envelope
marked
supergold
found
contained
marihuana
giving
arrestees
warnings
required
miranda
arizona
state
policeman
searched
one
searched
passenger
compartment
car
back
seat
found
black
leather
jacket
belonging
belton
unzipped
one
pockets
jacket
discovered
cocaine
placing
jacket
automobile
drove
four
arrestees
nearby
police
station
belton
subsequently
indicted
criminal
possession
controlled
substance
trial
moved
cocaine
trooper
seized
jacket
pocket
suppressed
denied
motion
belton
pleaded
guilty
lesser
included
offense
preserved
claim
cocaine
seized
violation
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
see
lefkowitz
newsome
appellate
division
new
york
upheld
constitutionality
search
seizure
reasoning
nce
defendant
validly
arrested
possession
marihuana
officer
justified
searching
immediate
area
contraband
app
div
new
york
appeals
reversed
holding
warrantless
search
zippered
pockets
unaccessible
jacket
may
upheld
search
incident
lawful
arrest
longer
danger
arrestee
confederate
might
gain
access
article
two
judges
dissented
pointed
search
conducted
lone
peace
officer
process
arresting
four
unknown
individuals
stopped
speeding
car
owned
none
apparently
containing
uncertain
quantity
controlled
substance
suspects
standing
side
car
officer
gave
quick
check
confirm
suspicions
attempting
transport
police
headquarters
granted
certiorari
consider
constitutionally
permissible
scope
search
circumstances
ii
first
principle
fourth
amendment
jurisprudence
police
may
conduct
search
unless
first
convince
neutral
magistrate
probable
cause
recognized
however
exigencies
situation
may
sometimes
make
exemption
warrant
requirement
imperative
mcdonald
specifically
held
chimel
california
lawful
custodial
arrest
creates
situation
justifies
contemporaneous
search
without
warrant
person
arrested
immediately
surrounding
area
searches
long
considered
valid
need
remove
weapons
arrestee
might
seek
use
order
resist
arrest
effect
escape
need
prevent
concealment
destruction
evidence
opinion
chimel
emphasized
principle
said
terry
ohio
scope
search
must
strictly
tied
justified
circumstances
rendered
initiation
permissible
quoted
chimel
california
supra
thus
chimel
found
ample
justification
search
area
within
arrestee
might
gain
possession
weapon
destructible
evidence
found
comparable
justification
routinely
searching
room
arrest
occurs
matter
searching
desk
drawers
closed
concealed
areas
room
although
principle
limits
search
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
may
stated
clearly
enough
courts
discovered
principle
difficult
apply
specific
cases
yet
one
commentator
pointed
protection
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
realized
police
acting
set
rules
instances
makes
possible
reach
correct
determination
beforehand
whether
invasion
privacy
justified
interest
law
enforcement
lafave
adjudication
versus
standardized
procedures
robinson
dilemma
rev
fourth
amendment
doctrine
given
force
effect
exclusionary
rule
primarily
intended
regulate
police
activities
thus
expressed
terms
readily
applicable
police
context
law
enforcement
activities
necessarily
engaged
highly
sophisticated
set
rules
qualified
sorts
ifs
ands
buts
requiring
drawing
subtle
nuances
hairline
distinctions
may
sort
heady
stuff
upon
facile
minds
lawyers
judges
eagerly
feed
may
literally
impossible
application
officer
field
robinson
hewed
straightforward
rule
easily
applied
predictably
enforced
case
lawful
custodial
arrest
full
search
person
exception
warrant
requirement
fourth
amendment
also
reasonable
search
amendment
holding
rejected
suggestion
must
litigated
case
issue
whether
present
one
reasons
supporting
authority
search
person
incident
lawful
arrest
ibid
straightforward
rule
emerged
litigated
cases
respecting
question
involved
question
proper
scope
search
interior
automobile
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
occupants
difficulty
courts
reflected
conflicting
views
new
york
judges
dealt
problem
present
case
confirmed
look
even
small
sample
drawn
narrow
class
cases
courts
decided
whether
course
search
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
occupants
automobile
police
may
search
inside
automobile
arrestees
longer
one
hand
decisions
cases
sanders
dixon
frick
upheld
warrantless
searches
incident
lawful
arrests
hand
cases
benson
rigales
searches
comparable
factual
circumstances
held
constitutionally
invalid
person
know
apply
settled
principle
recurring
factual
situation
person
know
scope
constitutional
protection
policeman
know
scope
authority
chimel
case
established
search
incident
arrest
may
stray
beyond
area
within
immediate
control
arrestee
courts
found
workable
definition
area
within
immediate
control
arrestee
area
arguably
includes
interior
automobile
arrestee
recent
occupant
reading
cases
suggests
generalization
articles
inside
relatively
narrow
compass
passenger
compartment
automobile
fact
generally
even
inevitably
within
area
arrestee
might
reach
order
grab
weapon
evidentiary
ite
chimel
order
establish
workable
rule
category
cases
requires
read
chimel
definition
limits
area
may
searched
light
generalization
accordingly
hold
policeman
made
lawful
custodial
arrest
occupant
automobile
may
contemporaneous
incident
arrest
search
passenger
compartment
automobile
follows
conclusion
police
may
also
examine
contents
containers
found
within
passenger
compartment
passenger
compartment
within
reach
arrestee
also
containers
within
reach
robinson
supra
draper
container
may
course
searched
whether
open
closed
since
justification
search
arrestee
privacy
interest
container
lawful
custodial
arrest
justifies
infringement
privacy
interest
arrestee
may
thus
chimel
held
police
search
drawers
arrestee
house
simply
police
arrested
home
noted
drawers
within
arrestee
reach
searched
danger
contents
might
pose
police
true
course
containers
sometimes
hold
neither
weapon
evidence
criminal
conduct
suspect
arrested
however
robinson
rejected
argument
container
crumpled
cigarette
package
located
search
robinson
incident
arrest
searched
authority
search
person
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
based
upon
need
disarm
discover
evidence
depend
may
later
decide
probability
particular
arrest
situation
weapons
evidence
fact
found
upon
person
suspect
custodial
arrest
suspect
based
probable
cause
reasonable
intrusion
fourth
amendment
intrusion
lawful
search
incident
arrest
requires
additional
justification
new
york
appeals
relied
upon
chadwick
arkansas
sanders
concluding
search
seizure
present
case
constitutionally
invalid
neither
cases
involved
arguably
valid
search
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
pointed
chadwick
case
search
conducted
hour
federal
agents
gained
exclusive
control
long
respondents
securely
custody
search
therefore
viewed
incidental
arrest
justified
exigency
sanders
case
explicitly
stated
consider
constitutionality
searches
luggage
incident
arrest
possessor
see
robinson
state
argued
respondent
suitcase
searched
incident
arrest
appears
bag
within
immediate
control
time
search
suitcase
question
trunk
taxicab
see
supra
iii
questioned
respondent
subject
lawful
custodial
arrest
charge
possessing
marihuana
search
respondent
jacket
followed
immediately
upon
arrest
jacket
located
inside
passenger
compartment
car
respondent
passenger
arrested
jacket
thus
within
area
concluded
within
arrestee
immediate
control
within
meaning
chimel
case
search
jacket
therefore
search
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
violate
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
accordingly
judgment
reversed
ordered
footnotes
validity
custodial
arrest
belton
questioned
case
cf
gustafson
florida
concurring
opinion
holding
today
determine
meaning
chimel
principles
particular
problematic
context
way
alters
fundamental
principles
established
chimel
case
regarding
basic
scope
searches
incident
lawful
custodial
arrests
container
denotes
object
capable
holding
another
object
thus
includes
closed
open
glove
compartments
consoles
receptacles
located
anywhere
within
passenger
compartment
well
luggage
boxes
bags
clothing
like
holding
encompasses
interior
passenger
compartment
automobile
encompass
trunk
seems
theory
appeals
search
seizure
present
case
incident
respondent
arrest
trooper
nicot
act
searching
respondent
jacket
seizing
contents
pocket
gained
exclusive
control
fallacious
theory
search
seizure
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
ever
valid
seizing
article
even
arrestee
person
officer
may
said
reduced
article
exclusive
control
disposition
case
need
consider
whether
search
seizure
permissible
automobile
exception
chambers
maroney
carroll
justice
rehnquist
concurring
apparent
majority
unwilling
overrule
mapp
ohio
find
necessary
consider
automobile
exception
disposition
case
ante
see
robbins
california
ante
rehnquist
dissenting
join
opinion
justice
stevens
concurring
judgment
reasons
stated
dissenting
opinion
robbins
california
ante
agree
justice
brennan
justice
white
justice
marshall
justice
blackmun
justice
rehnquist
two
cases
decided
way
also
agree
chief
justice
justice
stewart
justice
blackmun
justice
powell
justice
rehnquist
judgment
reversed
justice
brennan
justice
marshall
joins
dissenting
chimel
california
carefully
analyzed
years
conflicting
precedent
governing
permissible
scope
warrantless
searches
incident
custodial
arrest
today
turns
back
product
analysis
formulating
arbitrary
rule
applicable
recent
occupants
automobiles
fails
reflect
chimel
underlying
policy
justifications
claims
leave
chimel
intact
see
ante
fear
unwarranted
abandonment
principles
underlying
decision
may
signal
wholesale
retreat
carefully
developed
analysis
dissent
long
fundamental
principle
fourth
amendment
analysis
exceptions
warrant
requirement
narrowly
construed
arkansas
sanders
mincey
arizona
coolidge
new
hampshire
vale
louisiana
katz
jones
predicated
fourth
amendment
essential
purpose
shield
ing
citizen
unwarranted
intrusions
privacy
jones
supra
principle
carries
two
corollaries
first
search
valid
fourth
amendment
must
strictly
tied
justified
circumstances
rendered
initiation
permissible
terry
ohio
quoting
warden
hayden
fortas
concurring
see
chimel
california
supra
cupp
murphy
second
determining
whether
grant
exception
warrant
requirement
courts
carefully
consider
facts
circumstances
search
seizure
focusing
reasons
supporting
exception
rather
rule
general
application
see
sibron
new
york
preston
chimel
exception
warrant
requirement
designed
two
principal
concerns
mind
safety
arresting
officer
preservation
easily
concealed
destructible
evidence
recognizing
suspect
might
access
weapons
contraband
time
arrest
declared
arrest
made
reasonable
arresting
officer
search
person
arrested
order
remove
weapons
latter
might
seek
use
order
resist
arrest
effect
escape
otherwise
officer
safety
might
well
endangered
arrest
frustrated
addition
entirely
reasonable
arresting
officer
search
seize
evidence
arrestee
person
order
prevent
concealment
destruction
area
arrestee
might
reach
order
grab
weapon
evidentiary
items
must
course
governed
like
rule
attempt
formulate
single
familiar
standard
guide
police
officers
limited
time
expertise
reflect
balance
social
individual
interests
involved
specific
circumstances
confront
ante
quoting
dunaway
new
york
today
disregards
principles
instead
adopts
fiction
interior
car
always
within
immediate
control
arrestee
recently
car
thus
holds
hen
policeman
made
lawful
custodial
arrest
occupant
automobile
may
contemporaneous
incident
arrest
search
passenger
compartment
automobile
may
also
examine
contents
containers
found
within
passenger
compartment
ante
ii
facts
case
make
clear
today
substantially
expands
permissible
scope
searches
incident
arrest
permitting
police
officers
search
areas
containers
arrestee
possibly
reach
time
arrest
facts
demonstrate
time
belton
three
companions
placed
custodial
arrest
removed
car
patted
separated
none
reached
jackets
left
back
seat
car
new
york
appeals
described
sequence
events
follows
april
defendant
three
companions
traveling
new
york
state
thruway
ontario
county
car
stopped
state
trooper
speeding
upon
approaching
vehicle
officer
smelled
distinct
odor
marihuana
emanating
within
observed
floor
envelope
recognized
type
commonly
used
sell
substance
point
officer
ordered
occupants
vehicle
patted
removed
envelope
floor
ascertained
contained
small
amount
marihuana
marihuana
found
individuals
still
standing
outside
car
placed
arrest
officer
vehicle
searched
passenger
compartment
seized
marihuana
cigarette
butts
lying
ashtrays
also
rifled
pockets
five
jackets
back
seat
upon
opening
zippered
pocket
one
discovered
small
amount
cocaine
defendant
identification
emphasis
added
one
searches
record
vain
support
dissenter
claim
time
arrest
point
predicate
warrantless
search
measured
jackets
within
reach
four
suspects
yet
reduced
exclusive
control
officer
quoting
dissenting
opinion
expansion
chimel
exception
analytically
unsound
inconsistent
every
significant
case
decided
issue
whether
police
lawfully
conduct
warrantless
search
area
surrounding
arrestee
see
chadwick
search
footlocker
conducted
hour
federal
agents
gained
exclusive
control
footlocker
long
respondents
securely
custody
incident
arrest
coolidge
new
hampshire
search
car
driveway
incident
arrest
house
chambers
maroney
warrantless
search
car
invalid
arrestee
placed
police
custody
vale
louisiana
area
immediate
control
extend
inside
house
suspect
arrested
front
step
dyke
taylor
implement
mfg
search
car
occupant
placed
custody
taken
courthouse
valid
incident
arrest
preston
search
car
valid
incident
arrest
although
suspects
car
arrested
custody
police
station
car
searched
cases
demonstrate
crucial
question
chimel
whether
arrestee
ever
reached
area
searched
whether
reached
time
arrest
search
officer
failure
obtain
warrant
may
excused
disregarding
settled
doctrine
great
disservice
stare
decisis
policies
underlying
fourth
amendment
well
iii
seeks
justify
departure
principles
underlying
chimel
proclaiming
need
new
rule
guide
officer
field
pointed
mincey
arizona
however
mere
fact
law
enforcement
may
made
efficient
never
justify
disregard
fourth
amendment
moreover
attempt
forge
rule
fails
terms
distinction
may
provide
workable
guide
certain
routine
cases
example
officer
arrests
driver
car
immediately
searches
seats
floor
long
run
suspect
create
far
problems
solves
new
approach
leaves
open
many
questions
important
provides
police
courts
tools
find
answers
thus
although
concludes
warrantless
search
car
may
take
place
even
though
suspect
arrested
outside
car
indicate
long
suspect
arrest
search
may
validly
conducted
warrantless
search
incident
arrest
valid
conducted
five
minutes
suspect
left
car
thirty
minutes
three
hours
matter
whether
suspect
standing
close
proximity
car
search
conducted
matter
whether
police
formed
probable
cause
arrest
suspect
left
car
rule
announced
today
necessarily
limited
searches
cars
suspect
seen
walking
house
police
peering
outside
formed
probable
cause
believe
crime
committed
police
arrest
suspect
enter
house
conduct
search
incident
arrest
even
assuming
today
rule
limited
searches
interior
cars
assumption
demanded
logic
meant
interior
include
locked
glove
compartments
interior
door
panels
area
floorboards
special
rules
necessary
station
wagons
hatchbacks
luggage
compartment
may
reached
interior
taxicabs
glass
panel
might
separate
driver
compartment
rest
car
containers
may
searched
large
enough
capable
holding
another
object
new
rule
apply
container
even
hold
neither
weapon
evidence
criminal
conduct
suspect
arrested
compare
ante
ante
give
police
answers
questions
important
new
rule
abandons
justifications
underlying
chimel
offers
guidance
police
officer
seeking
work
answers
warned
chimel
consideration
relevant
fourth
amendment
suggests
point
rational
limitation
search
allowed
go
beyond
area
person
arrested
might
obtain
weapons
evidentiary
items
see
also
mincey
arizona
supra
failing
heed
warning
undermined
rather
furthered
goal
consistent
law
enforcement
failed
offer
principles
guide
police
courts
application
new
rule
nonroutine
situations
standard
announced
chimel
nearly
difficult
apply
suggests
contrary
continue
believe
chimel
provides
sound
workable
rule
determining
constitutionality
warrantless
search
incident
arrest
chimel
searches
incident
arrest
may
conducted
without
warrant
limited
person
arrestee
see
robinson
area
within
arrestee
immediate
control
may
difficult
cases
measure
exact
scope
arrestee
immediate
control
relevant
factors
surely
include
relative
number
police
officers
arrestees
manner
restraint
placed
arrestee
ability
arrestee
gain
access
particular
area
container
certainly
close
cases
doubt
police
always
turn
rationale
underlying
chimel
need
prevent
arrestee
reaching
weapons
contraband
exercising
judgment
rule
based
rationale
provide
guidance
rule
announced
today
moreover
unlike
rule
faithful
fourth
amendment
noted
importing
formula
determination
reasonableness
case
decided
facts
circumstances
accused
arrest
custody
search
made
another
place
without
warrant
simply
incident
arrest
chambers
maroney
quoting
preston
see
also
tr
oral
arg
app
true
fourth
amendment
excuse
absence
search
warrant
without
showing
seek
exemption
constitutional
mandate
exigencies
situation
make
course
imperative
chimel
california
quoting
mcdonald
sets
strawman
claims
exclusive
control
approach
taken
appeals
search
seizure
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
ever
valid
seizing
article
even
arrestee
person
officer
may
said
reduced
article
exclusive
control
ante
police
officer
obtain
exclusive
control
article
simply
holding
hand
certainly
agree
recognized
chadwick
exclusive
control
means
means
sufficient
control
significant
risk
arrestee
confederates
might
gain
possession
weapon
destructible
evidence
chimel
california
issue
exclusive
control
presents
question
fact
decided
circumstances
case
new
york
appeals
decided
justice
white
justice
marshall
joins
dissenting
robbins
california
ante
held
wrapped
container
trunk
car
searched
without
warrant
even
though
trunk
searched
without
warrant
probable
cause
search
car
even
though
probable
cause
search
container
well
separate
interest
privacy
respect
container
holds
incident
arrest
driver
person
automobile
interior
car
container
found
therein
whether
locked
may
seized
also
searched
even
absent
probable
cause
believe
contraband
evidence
crime
found
luggage
briefcases
containers
seems
extreme
extension
chimel
one
subscribe
even
decision
robbins
otherwise
chadwick
arkansas
sanders
overruled
luggage
found
trunk
car
searched
without
probable
cause
believe
contained
contraband
evidence
searches
luggage
briefcases
containers
interior
auto
authorized
absence
suspicion
whatsoever
contain
anything
police
legitimate
interest
calls
caution
today
exhibits
respect
dissent