staples
argued
november
decided
may
national
firearms
act
criminalizes
possession
unregistered
firearm
including
machinegun
defined
weapon
automatically
fires
one
shot
single
pull
trigger
petitioner
staples
charged
possessing
unregistered
machinegun
violation
officers
searching
home
seized
semiautomatic
rifle
weapon
normally
fires
one
shot
trigger
pull
apparently
modified
fully
automatic
fire
trial
staples
testified
rifle
never
fired
automatically
possessed
ignorant
automatic
firing
capability
convicted
district
rejected
proposed
jury
instruction
establish
violation
government
required
prove
beyond
reasonable
doubt
staples
knew
gun
fire
fully
automatically
appeals
affirmed
concluding
government
need
prove
defendant
knowledge
weapon
physical
properties
obtain
conviction
held
obtain
conviction
government
required
prove
beyond
reasonable
doubt
staples
knew
rifle
characteristics
brought
within
statutory
definition
machinegun
pp
common
law
rule
requiring
mens
rea
element
crime
informs
interpretation
case
indication
congressional
intent
express
implied
required
dispense
mens
rea
silence
element
knowledge
required
conviction
suggest
page
ii
congress
intended
dispense
conventional
mens
rea
requirement
require
defendant
know
facts
making
conduct
illegal
pp
rejects
government
argument
act
fits
within
line
precedent
concerning
public
welfare
regulatory
offenses
thus
presumption
favoring
mens
rea
apply
case
cases
concerning
public
welfare
offenses
inferred
silence
congressional
intent
dispense
conventional
mens
rea
requirements
statutes
regulate
potentially
harmful
injurious
items
cases
reasoned
long
defendant
knows
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dangerous
device
character
places
responsible
relation
public
danger
alerted
probability
strict
regulation
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notice
must
determine
peril
whether
conduct
comes
within
statute
inhibition
see
balint
freed
guns
however
fall
within
category
dangerous
devices
developed
public
welfare
offense
cases
contrast
selling
dangerous
drugs
issue
balint
possession
hand
grenades
considered
freed
private
ownership
guns
country
enjoyed
long
tradition
entirely
lawful
conduct
thus
destructive
potential
guns
general
said
put
gun
owners
sufficiently
notice
likelihood
regulation
justify
interpreting
dispensing
proof
knowledge
characteristics
make
weapon
firearm
statute
government
interpretation
potentially
impose
criminal
sanctions
class
persons
whose
mental
state
ignorance
characteristics
weapons
possession
makes
actions
entirely
innocent
congress
intended
make
outlaws
citizens
spoken
clearly
effect
pp
potentially
harsh
penalty
attached
violation
years
imprisonment
confirms
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reading
act
dispensing
mens
rea
require
defendant
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lawful
conduct
severe
penalty
factor
tending
suggest
congress
intend
eliminate
mens
rea
requirement
pp
holding
narrow
one
depends
common
sense
evaluation
nature
particular
device
congress
subjected
regulation
expectations
individuals
may
legitimately
dealing
device
penalty
page
iii
attached
violation
set
forth
comprehensive
criteria
distinguishing
crimes
require
mental
element
crimes
pp
thomas
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
scalia
kennedy
souter
joined
ginsburg
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
joined
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
blackmun
joined
staples
justice
thomas
delivered
opinion
national
firearms
act
makes
unlawful
person
possess
machinegun
properly
registered
federal
government
petitioner
contends
convict
act
government
required
prove
beyond
reasonable
doubt
knew
weapon
possessed
characteristics
brought
within
statutory
definition
machinegun
agree
accordingly
reverse
judgment
appeals
national
firearms
act
act
imposes
strict
registration
requirements
statutorily
defined
firearms
act
includes
within
term
firearm
machinegun
defines
machinegun
weapon
shoots
readily
restored
shoot
automatically
one
shot
without
manual
reloading
single
function
trigger
thus
fully
automatic
weapon
firearm
within
meaning
staples
act
act
firearms
must
registered
national
firearms
registration
transfer
record
maintained
secretary
treasury
section
makes
crime
punishable
years
prison
see
person
possess
firearm
properly
registered
upon
executing
search
warrant
petitioner
home
local
police
agents
bureau
alcohol
tobacco
firearms
batf
recovered
among
things
assault
rifle
civilian
version
military
rifle
unless
modified
semiautomatic
weapon
contrast
selective
fire
rifle
allows
operator
rotating
selector
switch
choose
semiautomatic
automatic
fire
many
parts
interchangeable
used
convert
automatic
weapon
doubt
inhibit
conversions
manufactured
metal
stop
receiver
prevent
selector
switch
installed
rotating
fully
automatic
position
metal
stop
petitioner
rifle
however
filed
away
rifle
assembled
selector
switch
several
internal
parts
including
hammer
disconnector
trigger
suspecting
modified
capable
fully
automatic
fire
batf
agents
seized
weapon
petitioner
subsequently
indicted
unlawful
staples
possession
unregistered
machinegun
violation
trial
batf
agents
testified
tested
fired
one
shot
single
pull
trigger
undisputed
weapon
registered
required
petitioner
testified
rifle
never
fired
automatically
possession
insisted
operated
semiautomatically
even
imperfectly
often
requiring
manual
ejection
spent
casing
chambering
next
round
according
petitioner
alleged
ignorance
automatic
firing
capability
shielded
criminal
liability
failure
register
weapon
requested
district
instruct
jury
establish
violation
government
must
prove
beyond
reasonable
doubt
defendant
knew
gun
fire
fully
automatically
app
brief
appellant
district
rejected
petitioner
proposed
instruction
instead
charged
jury
follows
government
need
prove
defendant
knows
dealing
weapon
possessing
every
last
characteristic
subjects
regulation
enough
prove
knows
dealing
dangerous
device
type
alert
one
likelihood
regulation
tr
appeals
affirmed
relying
decision
mittleider
staples
cert
denied
concluded
government
need
prove
defendant
knowledge
weapon
physical
properties
obtain
conviction
granted
certiorari
resolve
conflict
courts
appeals
concerning
mens
rea
required
ii
whether
requires
proof
defendant
knew
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weapon
made
firearm
act
question
statutory
construction
observed
liparota
definition
elements
criminal
offense
entrusted
legislature
particularly
case
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crimes
solely
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statute
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hudson
cranch
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mental
state
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crime
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construction
statute
inference
intent
congress
balint
see
also
liparota
supra
language
statute
starting
place
inquiry
see
connecticut
nat
bank
germain
slip
provides
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case
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silent
concerning
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rea
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unlawful
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receive
possess
firearm
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national
firearms
registration
transfer
record
nevertheless
silence
point
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suggest
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rea
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national
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rea
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restrict
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view
case
fits
line
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public
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impose
form
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rea
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balint
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minimize
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public
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regulate
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international
minerals
chemical
characterizing
balint
similar
cases
involving
statutes
regulating
dangerous
deleterious
devices
products
obnoxious
waste
materials
staples
situations
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dotterweich
supra
alerted
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government
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defines
precisely
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described
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view
guns
whether
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firearms
dangerous
devices
put
gun
owners
notice
must
determine
hazard
whether
weapons
come
within
scope
act
understanding
district
instruction
case
correct
conviction
rest
simply
proof
defendant
knew
possessed
firearm
ordinary
sense
term
government
seeks
support
position
decision
freed
involved
prosecution
possession
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grenades
defendant
knew
items
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require
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prove
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deciding
mens
rea
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require
proof
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presented
defendant
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purposes
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sense
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raised
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determination
defendant
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liparota
bailey
see
also
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scott
handbook
criminal
law
moreover
analysis
freed
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welfare
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balint
rested
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defendant
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grenades
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within
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possession
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predicate
analysis
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case
question
decided
whether
defendant
must
know
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make
weapon
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firearm
notwithstanding
distinctions
government
urges
freed
logic
applies
guns
less
grenades
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dangerous
devices
alert
owners
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regulation
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case
wide
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rea
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staples
broad
range
apparently
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conduct
liparota
liparota
considered
statute
made
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unauthorized
acquisition
possession
food
stamps
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statute
required
proof
defendant
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stamps
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rea
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fact
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minerals
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fact
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international
minerals
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put
owners
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stand
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danger
dotterweich
government
protests
guns
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food
stamps
like
grenades
narcotics
potentially
staples
harmful
devices
view
seems
liparota
concern
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congress
subjected
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ownership
staples
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tack
government
suggests
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state
local
levels
put
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owners
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gun
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construction
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potentially
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reading
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rea
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provided
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state
penitentiary
see
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mass
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snowberger
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rea
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blackstone
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house
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mcdevitt
cardozo
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price
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cardozo
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