gray
sanders
argued
january
decided
march
appellee
qualified
voter
primary
general
elections
fulton
county
georgia
sued
federal
district
restrain
appellants
secretary
state
officials
state
democratic
executive
committee
using
georgia
system
basis
counting
votes
democratic
primary
election
nomination
senator
statewide
officers
practically
equivalent
election
primary
elections
governed
georgia
statute
amended
allocate
unit
votes
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follows
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populations
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two
units
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unit
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unit
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unit
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units
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candidates
statewide
office
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clear
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since
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state
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state
regulation
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elections
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process
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action
within
meaning
fourteenth
amendment
pp
appellee
like
person
whose
right
vote
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moot
reason
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committee
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election
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district
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president
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conception
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equality
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lincoln
gettysburg
address
fifteenth
seventeenth
nineteenth
amendments
mean
one
thing
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person
one
vote
murphy
freeman
leverett
deputy
assistant
attorneys
general
georgia
argued
cause
appellants
brief
eugene
cook
attorney
general
lamar
sizemore
morris
abram
argued
cause
appellee
brief
herman
heyman
robert
hicks
attorney
general
kennedy
special
leave
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
brief
solicitor
general
cox
assistant
attorney
general
marshall
bruce
terris
harold
greene
david
rubin
howard
glickstein
justice
douglas
delivered
opinion
suit
instituted
appellee
qualified
vote
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general
elections
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county
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restrain
appellants
using
georgia
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unit
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basis
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votes
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primary
nomination
senator
statewide
officers
declaratory
relief
appellants
chairman
secretary
georgia
state
democratic
executive
committee
secretary
state
georgia
appellee
alleges
use
county
unit
system
counting
tabulating
consolidating
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votes
cast
primary
elections
statewide
offices
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equal
protection
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due
process
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amendment
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constitutionality
state
statute
involved
question
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see
georgia
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ii
agree
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meaning
fourteenth
amendment
judge
sibley
writing
chapman
king
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meticulous
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manner
georgia
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pp
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state
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agree
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person
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smith
allwright
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baker
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pp
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baker
carr
supra
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question
degree
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
limits
authority
state
legislature
designing
geographical
districts
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chosen
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state
legislature
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house
representatives
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related
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gomillion
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state
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voting
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cf
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herndon
nixon
condon
smith
allwright
supra
georgia
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women
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concept
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terry
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involves
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elections
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responsible
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constitutional
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justice
harlan
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baker
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term
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likelihood
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four
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judicial
history
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justice
frankfurter
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baker
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views
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dissents
cox
hartsfield
cases
see
also
cook
fortson
supra
justice
black
also
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dissent
even
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cases
deemed
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premise
summary
disposition
satisfactorily
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grounds
involving
merits
consider
today
decision
supportable
context
nominating
primary
respecting
candidates
statewide
office
construes
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
requiring
person
vote
given
equal
weight
majority
says
conception
political
equality
declaration
independence
lincoln
gettysburg
address
fifteenth
seventeenth
nineteenth
amendments
mean
one
thing
one
person
one
vote
ante
strikes
georgia
county
unit
system
holding
district
declined
make
holding
surely
flies
face
history
impressively
shown
opinion
frankfurter
baker
carr
one
person
one
vote
never
universally
accepted
political
philosophy
england
american
colonies
significance
historical
fact
seems
indeed
recognized
implies
formula
might
obtain
case
involving
apportionment
seats
state
legislature
federal
house
representatives
ante
independently
reasons
discussed
moment
distinction
finds
persuasive
refutation
federal
electoral
college
whereby
president
chosen
principles
wholly
opposed
held
constitutionally
required
electoral
process
statewide
office
one
need
close
eyes
circumstance
electoral
college
born
compromise
take
sides
various
attempts
made
change
system
order
agree
hardly
said
system
used
state
among
counties
assuming
rationality
absence
arbitrariness
end
result
termed
invidious
indeed
years
ago
rejected
comparable
situation
notion
political
equality
pronounced
macdougall
green
challenge
made
illinois
law
requiring
nominating
petitions
new
political
party
signed
least
voters
including
minimum
voters
least
counties
state
claim
requirement
made
possible
voters
less
populous
counties
block
nomination
candidates
whose
support
confined
geographically
limited
areas
disallowing
claim
said
assume
political
power
function
exclusively
numbers
disregard
practicalities
government
thus
constitution
protects
interests
smaller
greater
giving
senate
entirely
unequal
representation
populations
strange
indeed
doctrinaire
applying
broad
constitutional
concepts
due
process
equal
protection
laws
deny
state
power
assure
proper
diffusion
political
initiative
thinly
populated
counties
concentrated
masses
view
fact
latter
practical
opportunities
exerting
political
weight
polls
available
former
constitution
practical
instrument
government
makes
demands
violation
equal
protection
clause
thus
found
mere
circumstance
georgia
county
unit
system
results
disproportionate
vote
weighting
important
avoid
extracting
general
language
fourteenth
amendment
system
delusive
exactness
louisville
nashville
barber
asphalt
holmes
remains
equal
protection
claim
case
core
georgia
diffusion
voting
strength
favors
small
large
counties
problem
familiar
american
political
scene
dissent
baker
carr
expressed
view
state
might
rationally
conclude
general
welfare
best
served
apportioning
seats
legislature
agricultural
communities
urban
centers
lest
legitimate
interests
former
submerged
stronger
electoral
voice
latter
opinion
recognition
factor
deemed
irrational
present
situation
even
though
considerations
supporting
use
legislative
apportionment
case
present
given
undeniably
powerful
influence
state
governor
law
policy
making
see
deemed
irrational
state
conclude
candidate
office
one
whose
choice
lies
numerically
superior
electoral
strength
urban
voters
like
token
consider
irrational
georgia
apply
county
unit
system
selection
candidates
statewide
offices
order
assure
predominantly
city
point
view
administration
state
affairs
existing
record
leaves
question
irrationality
case
judged
basis
pure
arithmetic
one
person
one
vote
theory
effect
avoids
facing
problem
district
face
holding
disparities
voting
strength
largest
county
fulton
four
smallest
counties
webster
glascock
quitman
echols
running
respectively
favor
latter
invidiously
discriminatory
tell
us
understand
basis
mere
numbers
unilluminated
complex
subtle
political
factors
involved
law
say
except
judicial
fiat
disparities
constitutionally
invidious
disproportions
georgia
county
unit
system
indeed
greatly
line
existing
electoral
college
count
presidency
disparity
population
per
electoral
college
vote
new
york
largest
state
census
alaska
smallest
georgia
counties
total
greater
disparity
per
unit
vote
counties
disparity
less
thus
apparent
slight
modification
georgia
plan
bring
within
tolerance
permitted
federal
scheme
course
imponderables
like
lay
root
steadfast
carr
refusal
enter
political
thicket
colegrove
green
supra
turned
back
wise
chapter
history
view
longer
escape
necessity
coming
grips
thorny
problems
studiously
strove
avoid
baker
carr
see
concurring
opinion
stewart
dissenting
opinion
harlan
two
subsequent
cases
scholle
hare
concurring
opinion
clark
stewart
dissenting
opinion
harlan
simon
dissenting
opinion
harlan
regard
case
outside
general
stream
electoral
cases
two
maryland
mississippi
county
unit
systems
hide
one
head
sand
test
rationality
judicially
unfamiliar
field
brother
clark
perhaps
given
us
clue
legislative
inactivity
absence
remedy
crazy
quilt
approach
contained
concurring
opinion
baker
carr
supra
think
formulation
basic
ground
rules
untrod
area
judicial
competence
await
fully
developed
record
case
interlocutory
stage
temporary
injunction
us
issued
upon
record
consisting
pleadings
answers
interrogatories
affidavits
statistical
material
lower
described
liberal
use
right
take
judicial
notice
matters
common
knowledge
public
concern
exploration
many
intricate
questions
involved
establishing
criteria
judging
rationality
took
place
opinion
decree
issued
day
following
hearing
district
observed
standards
equal
protection
puts
aside
may
appear
doctrinaire
extent
constrained
act
longer
existing
urgency
situation
surely
one
person
one
vote
ideology
constitutionally
untenable
think
clearly
basic
ground
rules
implementing
baker
carr
await
trial
case
us
fully
developed
record
know
cf
white
motor
ante
matter
profoundly
touches
barriers
federal
judicial
state
legislative
authority
demands
nothing
less
vacate
judgment
district
remand
case
trial
advisory
commission
intergovernmental
relations
report
apportionment
state
legislatures
december
informed
administrative
office
courts
december
suits
filed
federal
courts
alone
wmca
simon
wesberry
sanders
reynolds
sims
beadle
scholle
vann
frink
maryland
comm
fair
representation
tawes
mcconnell
frink
price
moss
oklahoma
farm
bureau
moss
davis
mann
although
solicitor
general
amicus
suggests
action
south
peters
rested
simply
refusal
exercise
federal
equity
power
noted
first
case
cited
per
curiam
affirmance
macdougall
green
see
infra
see
wechsler
presidential
elections
constitution
comment
proposed
amendment
georgia
constitution
vests
governor
state
executive
power
authorizes
recommend
legislation
make
reports
call
extraordinary
sessions
state
general
assembly
issue
writs
election
fill
vacancies
general
assembly
veto
approve
bills
resolutions
require
reports
various
departments
state
const
art
also
statute
payments
made
state
treasury
without
warrant
issued
governor
code
event
public
emergency
governor
authorized
promulgate
enforce
rules
regulations
necessary
prevent
control
quell
violence
threatened
actual
code
involved
case
besides
governor
senator
lieutenant
governor
secretary
state
justice
judge
appeals
attorney
general
comptroller
general
commissioner
labor
treasurer
governor
general
power
fill
vacancies
offices
unless
otherwise
provided
law
const
art
population
ratio
per
fulton
county
population
unit
vote
unit
vote
county
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dekalb
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webster
glascock
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echols
statistical
abstract
following
district
injunction
statewide
direct
primary
held