illinois
elections
bd
socialist
workers
party
argued
november
decided
february
illinois
election
code
new
political
parties
independent
candidates
must
obtain
signatures
qualified
voters
order
appear
ballot
statewide
elections
however
minimum
number
signatures
required
elections
offices
political
subdivisions
state
number
persons
voted
previous
election
offices
application
provisions
special
mayoral
election
chicago
produced
result
new
party
independent
candidate
needed
substantially
signatures
needed
ballot
access
statewide
election
actions
appellees
independent
candidate
two
new
political
parties
certain
voters
challenging
discrepancy
equal
protection
grounds
district
enjoined
enforcement
provision
insofar
mandated
signatures
appeals
affirmed
held
summary
affirmance
jackson
ogilvie
district
decision
supp
upholding
illinois
signature
requirement
dispositive
equal
protection
question
presented
precedential
effect
summary
affirmance
extend
precise
issues
presented
necessarily
decided
actions
mandel
bradley
contrast
case
challenge
jackson
involved
discrepancy
requirement
less
stringent
requirements
candidates
established
political
parties
issue
presented
referred
jackson
district
mentioned
passing
jurisdictional
statement
subsequently
filed
thus
issue
adequately
presented
decided
summary
affirmance
pp
illinois
election
code
insofar
requires
independent
candidates
new
political
parties
obtain
signatures
chicago
violates
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
pp
fundamental
rights
freedom
associate
political
party
right
cast
votes
effectively
stake
state
must
establish
regulation
ballot
access
necessary
serve
compelling
interest
pp
ven
pursuing
legitimate
interest
state
may
choose
means
unnecessarily
restrict
constitutionally
protected
liberty
kusper
pontikes
must
adopt
least
drastic
means
achieve
ends
requirement
particularly
important
restrictions
access
ballot
involved
since
state
determined
smaller
number
signatures
larger
political
unit
adequately
serves
interest
regulating
number
candidates
ballot
signature
requirements
independent
candidates
political
parties
seeking
offices
chicago
clearly
least
restrictive
means
achieving
objective
appellant
state
board
elections
advanced
reason
much
less
compelling
one
state
needs
stringent
requirement
elections
chicago
statewide
elections
pp
prior
invalidation
illinois
rules
regarding
geographic
distribution
signatures
tied
requirements
city
state
candidates
solely
population
standard
however
may
explain
anomaly
issue
justify
historical
accident
without
constitute
compelling
state
interest
pp
appeals
properly
dismissed
moot
appellant
claim
chicago
board
election
commissioners
lacked
authority
conclude
settlement
agreement
respect
unresolved
issue
whether
signature
requirement
coupled
filing
deadline
impermissibly
burdened
first
fourteenth
amendment
rights
appellant
presented
evidence
creating
reasonable
expectation
chicago
board
repeat
purportedly
unauthorized
actions
subsequent
elections
pp
marshall
delivered
opinion
brennan
stewart
white
blackmun
powell
joined
parts
ii
iv
stevens
joined
blackmun
filed
concurring
opinion
post
stevens
filed
opinion
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
post
burger
concurred
judgment
rehnquist
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
post
michael
levinson
argued
cause
appellant
briefs
michael
lavelle
franklin
lunding
jeffrey
colman
argued
cause
appellees
rose
et
al
brief
william
luking
ronald
reosti
argued
cause
appellees
socialist
workers
party
et
al
brief
lance
haddix
thomas
foran
filed
brief
appellee
chicago
board
election
commissioners
justice
marshall
delivered
opinion
illinois
election
code
new
political
parties
independent
candidates
must
obtain
signatures
qualified
voters
order
appear
ballot
statewide
elections
however
different
standard
applies
elections
offices
political
subdivisions
state
minimum
number
signatures
required
elections
number
persons
voted
previous
election
offices
particular
subdivision
city
chicago
application
standard
produced
incongruous
result
new
party
independent
candidate
needs
substantially
signatures
gain
access
ballot
similarly
situated
party
candidate
statewide
office
question
us
whether
discrepancy
violates
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
january
chicago
city
council
ordered
special
mayoral
election
held
june
fill
vacancy
created
death
mayor
richard
daley
pursuant
order
chicago
board
election
commissioners
chicago
board
issued
election
calendar
listed
filing
dates
signature
requirements
applicable
independent
candidates
new
political
parties
independent
candidates
obtain
valid
signatures
february
new
political
parties
required
file
petitions
valid
signatures
april
subsequently
chicago
board
state
board
elections
state
board
agreed
purposes
special
election
bring
conformity
requirements
independent
candidates
new
parties
filing
deadline
independents
extended
april
signature
requirement
new
parties
reduced
received
less
votes
cast
last
mayoral
election
socialist
workers
party
labor
party
new
political
parties
defined
illinois
statute
see
supra
along
gerald
rose
candidate
unaffiliated
party
therefore
subject
signature
requirements
filing
deadlines
specified
election
calendar
january
socialist
workers
party
two
voters
supported
candidate
mayor
brought
action
chicago
board
state
board
enjoin
enforcement
signature
requirements
filing
deadlines
new
parties
one
week
later
gerald
rose
labor
party
four
voters
sued
chicago
board
challenging
restrictions
new
parties
independent
candidates
state
board
intervened
defendant
pursuant
district
consolidated
two
cases
trial
contended
trial
discrepancy
requirements
state
city
elections
violated
equal
protection
clause
argued
restrictions
independent
candidates
new
parties
unconstitutionally
burdensome
context
special
election
short
time
collection
signatures
notice
election
filing
deadline
chicago
board
primary
response
decision
jackson
ogilvie
supp
nd
summarily
aff
upholding
illinois
signature
requirement
foreclosed
constitutional
challenge
case
opinion
issued
march
district
determined
jackson
addressed
neither
circumstances
special
election
disparity
state
city
signature
requirements
issue
socialist
workers
party
chicago
bd
election
supp
merits
appellees
equal
protection
challenge
found
rational
reason
petition
identical
signatures
satisfy
legitimate
state
interests
restricting
ballot
access
state
elections
yet
fail
lesser
unit
lendall
jernigan
supp
ed
ark
greater
requirement
signatures
said
least
drastic
means
accomplishing
state
goals
must
found
unduly
impinge
constitutional
rights
independents
new
political
parties
adherents
omitted
march
chicago
board
appellees
concluded
settlement
agreement
respect
unresolved
issues
agreement
incorporated
order
entered
day
provided
solely
applied
special
mayoral
election
held
chicago
june
signature
requirement
reduced
filing
deadline
extended
april
app
district
denied
state
board
subsequent
motion
vacate
orders
state
board
chicago
board
appealed
march
order
march
order
per
curiam
decision
rendered
six
months
election
appeals
seventh
circuit
adopted
opinion
district
also
respect
march
order
appeals
dismissed
moot
state
board
contention
chicago
board
lacked
authority
conclude
settlement
agreement
without
prior
state
approval
ruling
noted
settlement
order
applied
june
election
long
passed
held
question
chicago
board
authority
actions
capable
repetition
yet
evading
review
quoting
defunis
odegaard
noted
probable
jurisdiction
affirm
ii
appellant
argues
summary
affirmance
jackson
ogilvie
supra
dispositive
equal
protection
challenge
analyzing
contention
note
outset
summary
affirmances
considerably
less
precedential
value
opinion
merits
see
edelman
jordan
chief
justice
burger
observed
fusari
steinberg
concurring
opinion
upon
fuller
consideration
issue
plenary
review
hesitated
discard
rule
line
summary
affirmances
may
appear
established
see
usery
turner
elkhorn
mining
moreover
agree
district
conclusion
jackson
govern
issues
currently
us
case
reverend
jesse
jackson
independent
candidate
mayor
chicago
attacked
signature
requirement
independent
candidates
impermissible
burden
exercise
first
amendment
rights
contended
well
discrepancy
rule
less
stringent
requirements
candidates
established
political
parties
violated
equal
protection
clause
district
rejected
claims
finding
requirement
reasonable
burdens
imposed
independent
established
party
candidates
roughly
equivalent
appellees
mount
different
challenge
attack
lines
drawn
independent
established
party
candidates
rather
equal
protection
claim
rests
discrimination
independent
candidates
new
parties
seeking
access
ballot
statewide
elections
similarly
situated
candidates
parties
seeking
access
city
elections
appellant
urges
however
even
though
district
jackson
explicitly
mention
equal
protection
issue
presented
issue
raised
memorandum
supporting
jackson
filed
district
state
course
arguing
election
law
discriminated
independent
candidates
memorandum
stated
must
also
remembered
even
difficult
independent
candidate
obtain
signatures
independent
party
yet
whole
new
state
political
party
needs
signatures
throughout
entire
state
state
officers
section
single
independent
candidate
office
mayor
chicago
needs
almost
signatures
also
invidious
discrimination
one
seeking
office
mayor
chicago
memorandum
law
app
juris
statement
jackson
ogilvie
district
jackson
however
framed
equal
protection
issue
whether
signature
requirement
operates
discriminate
plaintiff
depriving
right
granted
candidates
established
political
parties
jurisdictional
statement
posed
question
similar
terms
juris
statement
jackson
ogilvie
pp
although
jurisdictional
statement
alluded
state
memorandum
incorporated
separate
appendix
point
directly
address
question
us
omission
disposes
appellant
argument
stated
mandel
bradley
precedential
effect
summary
affirmance
extend
farther
precise
issues
presented
necessarily
decided
actions
summary
disposition
affirms
judgment
quoting
fusari
steinberg
supra
burger
concurring
may
read
action
essential
sustain
judgment
see
usery
turner
elkhorn
mining
supra
mccarthy
philadelphia
civil
service
per
curiam
questions
merely
lurk
record
webster
fall
resolved
resolution
may
inferred
assuming
state
memorandum
jackson
read
advancing
issue
presented
see
supra
issue
means
adequately
presented
necessarily
decided
jackson
therefore
effect
constitutional
claim
advanced
appellees
iii
determining
whether
illinois
signature
requirements
new
parties
independent
candidates
applied
city
chicago
violate
equal
protection
clause
must
examine
character
classification
question
importance
individual
interests
stake
state
interests
asserted
support
classification
see
memorial
hospital
maricopa
county
dunn
blumstein
kramer
union
school
williams
rhodes
provisions
illinois
election
code
issue
incorporate
geographic
classification
purposes
setting
requirements
code
distinguishes
state
candidates
political
parties
voters
supporting
city
candidates
parties
voters
independent
candidate
new
political
party
chicago
city
approximately
voters
eligible
sign
nominating
petitions
mayoral
election
secure
signatures
nominating
petitions
independent
candidate
new
party
state
elections
pool
approximately
million
eligible
voters
obtain
signatures
distinction
state
city
elections
undoubtedly
valid
purposes
resolve
whether
valid
applied
restrictions
access
ballot
burden
two
distinct
fundamental
rights
right
individuals
associate
advancement
political
beliefs
right
qualified
voters
regardless
political
persuasion
cast
votes
effectively
williams
rhodes
supra
freedom
associate
political
party
right
recognized
fundamental
see
diminished
practical
value
party
kept
ballot
access
restrictions
also
implicate
right
vote
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referendums
voters
assert
preferences
candidates
parties
lubin
panish
limiting
choices
available
voters
state
impairs
voters
ability
express
political
preferences
reasons
warrant
amplification
often
reiterated
voting
fundamental
significance
constitutional
structure
wesberry
sanders
reynolds
sims
dunn
blumstein
supra
vital
individual
rights
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state
must
establish
classification
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serve
compelling
interest
american
party
texas
white
storer
brown
williams
rhodes
supra
sure
previously
acknowledged
legitimate
interest
regulating
number
candidates
ballot
lubin
panish
supra
observed
procedure
inviting
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every
citizen
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emphasized
even
pursuing
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may
choose
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required
adopt
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means
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lubin
panish
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rhodes
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requirement
particularly
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involved
interest
screening
frivolous
candidates
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light
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role
third
parties
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abolitionists
progressives
populists
undeniably
influence
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demonstrate
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bickel
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american
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parties
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sait
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parties
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overbroad
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access
jeopardize
form
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signature
requirements
independent
candidates
new
political
parties
seeking
offices
chicago
plainly
least
restrictive
means
protecting
state
objectives
illinois
legislature
determined
interest
avoiding
overloaded
ballots
statewide
elections
served
requirement
yet
appellant
advanced
reason
much
less
compelling
one
state
needs
stringent
requirement
chicago
oral
argument
appellant
explained
signature
provisions
statewide
elections
originally
reflected
different
approach
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subdivisions
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oral
arg
independent
candidates
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state
elections
required
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standards
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candidates
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obtain
signatures
flat
percentage
qualified
voters
moore
ogilvie
struck
equal
protection
grounds
illinois
requirement
nominating
petition
candidate
statewide
office
include
signatures
least
qualified
voters
least
counties
following
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appeals
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circuit
invalidated
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signatures
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elections
come
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party
illinois
state
board
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cert
denied
thus
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noted
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justify
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accident
without
constitute
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state
interest
therefore
hold
illinois
election
code
unconstitutional
insofar
requires
independent
candidates
new
political
parties
obtain
signatures
chicago
iv
appellant
finally
challenges
appeals
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march
settlement
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dismissed
moot
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chicago
board
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ann
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supp
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chicago
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ch
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statewide
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statewide
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surprising
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sense
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history
subscribe
brother
stevens
alternative
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illinois
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process
legislature
enacted
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state
board
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