cortez
argued
december
decided
january
based
discovery
sets
distinctive
human
footprints
desert
border
patrol
officers
deduced
number
occasions
groups
persons
guided
person
designated
chevron
mexico
across
area
desert
arizona
known
heavily
trafficked
aliens
illegally
entering
country
groups
aliens
proceeded
isolated
point
road
picked
vehicle
officers
deduced
vehicle
probably
approached
east
returned
east
pickup
also
surmised
based
times
distinctive
tracks
discovered
chevron
generally
traveled
clear
nights
near
weekends
arrived
pickup
point
basis
information
officers
stationed
point
east
probable
pickup
point
night
believed
strong
possibility
chevron
smuggling
aliens
officers
observed
pickup
truck
camper
shell
suitable
carrying
sizable
groups
pass
heading
west
observed
vehicle
return
within
estimated
time
making
round
trip
pickup
point
officers
stopped
vehicle
driven
respondent
cortez
respondent
wearing
shoes
soles
matching
distinctive
chevron
shoeprint
passenger
cortez
voluntarily
opened
door
camper
officers
discovered
illegal
aliens
prior
trial
charges
transporting
illegal
aliens
respondents
sought
suppress
evidence
presence
aliens
discovered
result
stopping
vehicle
contending
officers
adequate
cause
make
investigative
stop
district
denied
motion
respondents
convicted
appeals
reversed
holding
officers
lacked
sufficient
basis
justify
stopping
vehicle
thus
respondents
fourth
amendment
rights
violated
held
objective
facts
circumstantial
evidence
justified
investigative
stop
respondents
vehicle
pp
determining
cause
sufficient
authorize
police
stop
person
totality
circumstances
whole
picture
must
taken
account
based
upon
whole
picture
detaining
officers
must
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
particular
person
stopped
criminal
activity
process
assessing
circumstances
deal
hard
certainties
probabilities
evidence
collected
must
weighed
understood
versed
field
law
enforcement
also
process
must
raise
suspicion
particular
individual
stopped
engaged
wrongdoing
pp
case
implicates
principles
especially
imperative
recognizing
used
trained
law
enforcement
officers
objective
facts
meaningless
untrained
allow
permissible
deductions
facts
afford
legitimate
basis
suspicion
particular
person
action
suspicion
pp
intrusion
upon
privacy
associated
stop
limited
reasonably
related
scope
justification
initiation
terry
ohio
based
upon
whole
picture
officers
experienced
border
patrol
agents
reasonably
surmise
particular
vehicle
stopped
engaged
criminal
activity
pp
burger
delivered
opinion
brennan
white
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
stevens
joined
stewart
filed
opinion
concurring
result
post
marshall
concurred
judgment
barbara
etkind
argued
cause
briefs
solicitor
general
mccree
assistant
attorney
general
heymann
deputy
solicitor
general
frey
william
otis
john
winkfield
jeffrey
minker
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
cortez
bernardo
velasco
argued
cause
respondent
brief
thomas
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
granted
certiorari
consider
whether
objective
facts
circumstantial
evidence
suggesting
particular
vehicle
involved
criminal
activity
may
provide
sufficient
basis
justify
investigative
stop
vehicle
late
border
patrol
officers
patrolling
sparsely
populated
section
southern
central
arizona
found
human
footprints
desert
time
sets
similar
discovered
area
sets
footprints
deduced
number
occasions
groups
persons
walked
north
mexican
border
across
miles
desert
mountains
fairly
path
isolated
point
highway
road
running
roughly
parallel
mexican
border
officers
observed
one
recurring
shoeprint
bore
distinctive
repetitive
chevron
design
officers
knew
recorded
experience
area
groups
passed
heavily
trafficked
aliens
illegally
entering
country
mexico
surmised
person
gave
chevron
guiding
aliens
illegally
path
marked
tracks
point
picked
vehicle
tracks
led
obstacles
avoided
daylight
officers
deduced
chevron
probably
led
groups
across
border
pickup
point
night
moreover
based
upon
times
discovered
distinctive
sets
tracks
concluded
chevron
generally
traveled
near
weekends
nights
weather
clear
tracking
disclosed
chevron
groups
came
within
yards
highway
turned
right
walked
eastward
parallel
road
approximately
highway
milepost
tracks
turn
north
disappear
road
pattern
officers
concluded
aliens
likely
picked
vehicle
probably
one
approaching
east
long
overland
march
group
likely
walk
parallel
highway
toward
approaching
vehicle
officers
also
concluded
pickup
vehicle
probably
returned
east
unlikely
group
walking
away
ultimate
destination
sunday
night
january
officers
gray
evans
two
border
patrolmen
pursuing
investigation
chevron
duty
casa
grande
area
latest
set
observed
chevron
tracks
made
saturday
night
january
january
first
clear
night
three
days
rain
reasons
gray
evans
decided
strong
possibility
chevron
lead
aliens
border
highway
night
officers
assumed
chevron
conduct
group
night
leave
mexico
dark
knew
experience
groups
sort
traveling
foot
cover
two
half
three
miles
hour
thus
journey
take
hours
officers
calculated
chevron
group
arrive
highway
somewhere
january
gray
evans
parked
patrol
car
elevated
location
feet
highway
milepost
point
miles
east
milepost
vantage
point
officers
observe
altar
valley
adjoining
territory
assigned
watch
night
also
see
vehicles
passing
highway
estimated
take
approximately
one
hour
half
vehicle
make
round
trip
vantage
point
milepost
working
hypothesis
pickup
vehicle
approached
milepost
east
thereafter
returned
starting
point
focused
upon
vehicles
passed
east
one
hour
half
passed
returning
east
chevron
appeared
lead
groups
aliens
time
officers
deduced
pickup
vehicle
one
capable
carrying
large
group
without
arousing
suspicion
reason
knew
certain
types
vehicles
commonly
used
smuggling
sizable
groups
aliens
decided
limit
attention
vans
pickup
trucks
small
trucks
campers
motor
homes
similar
vehicles
traffic
highway
milepost
normal
night
officers
surveillance
period
vehicles
passed
officers
heading
west
toward
milepost
two
pickup
trucks
camper
shells
kind
officers
concluded
chevron
likely
use
carry
aliens
night
one
distinctively
colored
pickup
truck
camper
shell
passed
first
time
officer
gray
able
see
record
partial
license
number
gn
almost
exactly
estimated
one
hour
half
later
vehicle
looking
like
pickup
passed
time
heading
east
officers
followed
pickup
satisfied
license
plate
gn
vehicle
passed
point
flashed
police
lights
intercepted
vehicle
respondent
jesus
cortez
driver
owner
pickup
respondent
pedro
sitting
passenger
seat
wearing
shoes
soles
matching
distinctive
chevron
shoeprint
officers
identified
told
cortez
conducting
immigration
check
asked
carrying
passengers
camper
cortez
told
picked
hitchhikers
proceeded
open
back
camper
camper
six
illegal
aliens
officers
arrested
respondents
cortez
charged
six
counts
transporting
illegal
aliens
violation
pretrial
motion
sought
suppress
evidence
obtained
officers
gray
evans
result
stopping
vehicle
argued
officers
adequate
cause
make
investigative
stop
district
denied
motion
jury
found
respondents
guilty
charged
sentenced
concurrent
prison
terms
five
years
six
counts
addition
fined
divided
panel
appeals
ninth
circuit
reversed
holding
officers
lacked
sufficient
basis
justify
stop
pickup
recognized
provides
standard
governing
investigative
stops
kind
involved
case
stating
quantum
cause
necessary
cases
like
one
established
fficers
roving
patrol
may
stop
vehicles
aware
specific
articulable
facts
together
rational
inferences
facts
reasonably
warrant
suspicion
vehicles
contain
aliens
may
illegally
country
quoting
supra
citations
omitted
ii
fourth
amendment
applies
seizures
person
including
brief
investigatory
stops
stop
vehicle
reid
georgia
supra
davis
mississippi
terry
ohio
investigatory
stop
must
justified
objective
manifestation
person
stopped
engaged
criminal
activity
brown
texas
delaware
prouse
supra
adams
williams
terry
ohio
supra
courts
used
variety
terms
capture
elusive
concept
cause
sufficient
authorize
police
stop
person
terms
like
articulable
reasons
founded
suspicion
fall
short
providing
clear
guidance
dispositive
myriad
factual
situations
arise
essence
written
totality
circumstances
whole
picture
must
taken
account
based
upon
whole
picture
detaining
officers
must
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
particular
person
stopped
criminal
activity
see
brown
texas
supra
supra
idea
assessment
whole
picture
must
yield
particularized
suspicion
contains
two
elements
must
present
stop
permissible
first
assessment
must
based
upon
circumstances
analysis
proceeds
various
objective
observations
information
police
reports
available
consideration
modes
patterns
operation
certain
kinds
lawbreakers
data
trained
officer
draws
inferences
makes
deductions
inferences
deductions
might
well
elude
untrained
person
process
deal
hard
certainties
probabilities
long
law
probabilities
articulated
practical
people
formulated
certain
commonsense
conclusions
human
behavior
jurors
factfinders
permitted
law
enforcement
officers
finally
evidence
thus
collected
must
seen
weighed
terms
library
analysis
scholars
understood
versed
field
law
enforcement
second
element
contained
idea
assessment
whole
picture
must
yield
particularized
suspicion
concept
process
described
must
raise
suspicion
particular
individual
stopped
engaged
wrongdoing
chief
justice
warren
speaking
terry
ohio
supra
said
demand
specificity
information
upon
police
action
predicated
central
teaching
fourth
amendment
jurisprudence
emphasis
added
see
also
brown
texas
supra
delaware
prouse
supra
supra
case
portrays
enormous
difficulties
patrolling
open
border
patient
skills
needed
charged
halting
illegal
entry
country
implicates
principles
discussed
especially
imperative
recognizing
used
trained
law
enforcement
officers
objective
facts
meaningless
untrained
combined
permissible
deductions
facts
form
legitimate
basis
suspicion
particular
person
action
suspicion
see
kind
police
work
often
suggested
judges
scholars
examples
appropriate
reasonable
means
law
enforcement
fact
fact
clue
clue
afforded
basis
deductions
inferences
brought
officers
focus
chevron
critical
importance
officers
knew
area
crossing
point
illegal
aliens
knew
common
practice
persons
lead
aliens
desert
border
highway
picked
vehicle
moreover
based
upon
clues
discovered
period
prior
events
issue
believed
one
guide
designated
chevron
particular
pattern
operations
piecing
together
information
disposal
officers
tentatively
concluded
reasonable
likelihood
chevron
attempt
lead
group
aliens
night
sunday
january
someone
shoes
led
several
groups
aliens
previous
two
months
yet
two
weeks
since
latest
crossing
chevron
deduced
therefore
due
reasonably
soon
chevron
tended
travel
clear
weekend
nights
rained
friday
saturday
nights
weekend
involved
sunday
clear
night
weekend
officers
surmised
therefore
likely
night
trip
focused
night
officers
drew
upon
objective
facts
known
deduce
time
frame
within
chevron
aliens
likely
arrive
knew
practice
smuggle
aliens
including
knew
chevron
previous
activities
deduced
border
crossing
journey
desert
probably
night
knew
time
sunset
occur
point
border
crossing
knew
long
trip
take
thus
able
deduce
chevron
likely
arrive
pickup
point
highway
time
frame
objective
facts
officers
also
deduced
probable
point
highway
milepost
chevron
likely
rendezvous
pickup
vehicle
deduced
direction
taken
sets
chevron
footprints
earlier
discovered
pickup
vehicle
approach
aliens
return
point
east
milepost
therefore
staked
position
east
milepost
milepost
watched
vehicles
passed
going
west
approximately
one
half
hours
later
passed
time
going
east
observed
previous
groups
guided
person
chevron
shoes
deduced
chevron
lead
group
aliens
therefore
focused
attention
enclosed
vehicles
passenger
capacity
analysis
produced
officers
gray
evans
summarized
follows
night
upon
believed
chevron
likely
travel
sometime
large
enclosed
vehicle
seen
make
round
trip
deserted
point
milepost
deserted
road
highway
officers
stop
vehicle
return
trip
period
officers
observed
one
vehicle
meeting
description
surprising
stopped
vehicle
return
trip
contained
chevron
several
illegal
aliens
limited
purpose
stop
case
question
occupants
vehicle
citizenship
immigration
status
reasons
round
trip
short
timespan
virtually
deserted
area
search
camper
occupants
occurred
respondent
cortez
voluntarily
opened
back
door
camper
thus
stop
search
issue
intrusion
upon
privacy
associated
stop
limited
reasonably
related
scope
justification
initiation
terry
ohio
recently
held
stops
border
patrol
may
justified
circumstances
less
constituting
probable
cause
arrest
search
thus
test
whether
officers
gray
evans
probable
cause
conclude
vehicle
stopped
contain
chevron
group
illegal
aliens
rather
question
whether
based
upon
whole
picture
experienced
border
patrol
officers
reasonably
surmise
particular
vehicle
stopped
engaged
criminal
activity
record
conclude
reversed
footnotes
course
officer
may
stop
question
person
reasonable
grounds
believe
person
wanted
past
criminal
conduct
listed
several
factors
considered
part
totality
circumstances
determining
existence
vel
non
particularized
suspicion
cases
treating
official
attempts
stem
influx
illegal
aliens
country
though
list
purport
exhaustive
noteworthy
several
factors
present
recognized
significant
context
example
information
recent
border
crossings
type
vehicle
involved
wide
public
interest
effective
measures
prevents
entry
illegal
aliens
mexican
border
cataloged
see
ortiz
burger
concurring
judgment
supra
justice
stewart
concurring
result
border
patrol
officers
case
knew
rationally
deduced
chevron
repeatedly
shepherded
illegal
aliens
border
treks
commonly
ended
early
morning
around
milepost
highway
usually
worked
weekends
probably
made
trips
two
weeks
trips
likely
weather
good
knowing
pattern
officers
reasonably
anticipate
even
guarantee
arrival
another
group
aliens
led
chevron
milepost
first
clear
weekend
night
late
january
route
leads
almost
uninhabited
country
little
travelled
hours
darkness
westbound
vehicles
passed
police
five
hours
watched
sunday
night
two
vehicles
capacious
enough
carry
sizable
group
illegal
aliens
went
one
two
vehicles
drove
past
returned
opposite
direction
enough
time
elapsed
journey
milepost
back
nocturnal
round
trip
desolate
desert
terrain
event
puzzling
coming
surely
likely
explanation
chevron
shepherding
aliens
sum
border
patrol
officers
discovered
abundance
specific
articulable
facts
together
rational
inferences
entirely
warranted
suspicion
vehicl
contain
ed
aliens
might
illegally
country
information
possessed
officers
thus
met
requirements
established
case
kind
stop
made
concur
reversal
judgment
appeals