tinker
des
moines
school
argued
november
decided
february
petitioners
three
public
school
pupils
des
moines
iowa
suspended
school
wearing
black
armbands
protest
government
policy
vietnam
sought
nominal
damages
injunction
regulation
respondents
promulgated
banning
wearing
armbands
district
dismissed
complaint
ground
regulation
within
board
power
despite
absence
finding
substantial
interference
conduct
school
activities
appeals
sitting
en
banc
affirmed
equally
divided
held
wearing
armbands
petitioners
quiet
passive
disruptive
impinge
upon
rights
others
circumstances
conduct
within
protection
free
speech
clause
first
amendment
due
process
clause
fourteenth
pp
first
amendment
rights
available
teachers
students
subject
application
light
special
characteristics
school
environment
pp
prohibition
expression
opinion
without
evidence
rule
necessary
avoid
substantial
interference
school
discipline
rights
others
permissible
first
fourteenth
amendments
pp
dan
johnston
argued
cause
petitioners
brief
melvin
wulf
david
ellenhorn
allan
herrick
argued
cause
respondents
brief
herschel
langdon
david
belin
charles
morgan
filed
brief
national
student
association
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
justice
fortas
delivered
opinion
petitioner
john
tinker
years
old
petitioner
christopher
eckhardt
years
old
attended
high
schools
des
moines
iowa
petitioner
mary
beth
tinker
john
sister
student
junior
high
school
december
group
adults
students
des
moines
held
meeting
eckhardt
home
group
determined
publicize
objections
hostilities
vietnam
support
truce
wearing
black
armbands
holiday
season
fasting
december
new
year
eve
petitioners
parents
previously
engaged
similar
activities
decided
participate
program
principals
des
moines
schools
became
aware
plan
wear
armbands
december
met
adopted
policy
student
wearing
armband
school
asked
remove
refused
suspended
returned
without
armband
petitioners
aware
regulation
school
authorities
adopted
december
mary
beth
christopher
wore
black
armbands
schools
john
tinker
wore
armband
next
day
sent
home
suspended
school
come
back
without
armbands
return
school
planned
period
wearing
armbands
expired
new
year
day
complaint
filed
district
petitioners
fathers
title
code
prayed
injunction
restraining
respondent
school
officials
respondent
members
board
directors
school
district
disciplining
petitioners
sought
nominal
damages
evidentiary
hearing
district
dismissed
complaint
upheld
constitutionality
school
authorities
action
ground
reasonable
order
prevent
disturbance
school
discipline
supp
referred
expressly
declined
follow
fifth
circuit
holding
similar
case
wearing
symbols
like
armbands
prohibited
unless
materially
substantially
interfere
requirements
appropriate
discipline
operation
school
burnside
byars
appeal
appeals
eighth
circuit
considered
case
en
banc
equally
divided
district
decision
accordingly
affirmed
without
opinion
granted
certiorari
first
amendment
rights
applied
light
special
characteristics
school
environment
available
teachers
students
hardly
argued
either
students
teachers
shed
constitutional
rights
freedom
speech
expression
schoolhouse
gate
unmistakable
holding
almost
years
meyer
nebraska
bartels
iowa
opinions
justice
mcreynolds
held
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
prevents
forbidding
teaching
foreign
language
young
students
statutes
effect
held
unconstitutionally
interfere
liberty
teacher
student
parent
see
also
pierce
society
sisters
west
virginia
barnette
mccollum
board
education
wieman
updegraff
concurring
opinion
sweezy
new
hampshire
shelton
tucker
engel
vitale
keyishian
board
regents
epperson
arkansas
ante
west
virginia
barnette
supra
held
first
amendment
student
public
school
may
compelled
salute
flag
speaking
justice
jackson
said
fourteenth
amendment
applied
protects
citizen
state
creatures
boards
education
excepted
course
important
delicate
highly
discretionary
functions
none
may
perform
within
limits
bill
rights
educating
young
citizenship
reason
scrupulous
protection
constitutional
freedoms
individual
strangle
free
mind
source
teach
youth
discount
important
principles
government
mere
platitudes
ii
school
officials
banned
sought
punish
petitioners
silent
passive
expression
opinion
unaccompanied
disorder
disturbance
part
petitioners
evidence
whatever
petitioners
interference
actual
nascent
schools
work
collision
rights
students
secure
let
alone
accordingly
case
concern
speech
action
intrudes
upon
work
schools
rights
students
students
school
system
wore
black
armbands
five
students
suspended
wearing
indication
work
schools
class
disrupted
outside
classrooms
students
made
hostile
remarks
children
wearing
armbands
threats
acts
violence
school
premises
district
concluded
action
school
authorities
reasonable
based
upon
fear
disturbance
wearing
armbands
system
undifferentiated
fear
apprehension
disturbance
enough
overcome
right
freedom
expression
departure
absolute
regimentation
may
cause
trouble
variation
majority
opinion
may
inspire
fear
word
spoken
class
lunchroom
campus
deviates
views
another
person
may
start
argument
cause
disturbance
constitution
says
must
take
risk
terminiello
chicago
history
says
sort
hazardous
freedom
kind
openness
basis
national
strength
independence
vigor
americans
grow
live
relatively
permissive
often
disputatious
society
order
state
person
school
officials
justify
prohibition
particular
expression
opinion
must
able
show
action
caused
something
mere
desire
avoid
discomfort
unpleasantness
always
accompany
unpopular
viewpoint
certainly
finding
showing
engaging
forbidden
conduct
materially
substantially
interfere
requirements
appropriate
discipline
operation
school
prohibition
sustained
burnside
byars
supra
present
case
district
made
finding
independent
examination
record
fails
yield
evidence
school
authorities
reason
anticipate
wearing
armbands
substantially
interfere
work
school
impinge
upon
rights
students
even
official
memorandum
prepared
suspension
listed
reasons
ban
wearing
armbands
made
reference
anticipation
disruption
contrary
action
school
authorities
appears
based
upon
urgent
wish
avoid
controversy
might
result
expression
even
silent
symbol
armbands
opposition
nation
part
conflagration
vietnam
revealing
respect
meeting
school
principals
decided
issue
contested
regulation
called
response
student
statement
journalism
teacher
one
schools
wanted
write
article
vietnam
published
school
paper
student
dissuaded
also
relevant
school
authorities
purport
prohibit
wearing
symbols
political
controversial
significance
record
shows
students
schools
wore
buttons
relating
national
political
campaigns
even
wore
iron
cross
traditionally
symbol
nazism
order
prohibiting
wearing
armbands
extend
instead
particular
symbol
black
armbands
worn
exhibit
opposition
nation
involvement
vietnam
singled
prohibition
clearly
prohibition
expression
one
particular
opinion
least
without
evidence
necessary
avoid
material
substantial
interference
schoolwork
discipline
constitutionally
permissible
system
schools
may
enclaves
totalitarianism
school
officials
possess
absolute
authority
students
students
school
well
school
persons
constitution
possessed
fundamental
rights
state
must
respect
must
respect
obligations
state
system
students
may
regarded
recipients
state
chooses
communicate
may
confined
expression
sentiments
officially
approved
absence
specific
showing
constitutionally
valid
reasons
regulate
speech
students
entitled
freedom
expression
views
judge
gewin
speaking
fifth
circuit
said
school
officials
suppress
expressions
feelings
wish
contend
burnside
byars
supra
meyer
nebraska
supra
justice
mcreynolds
expressed
nation
repudiation
principle
state
might
conduct
schools
foster
homogeneous
people
said
order
submerge
individual
develop
ideal
citizens
sparta
assembled
males
seven
barracks
intrusted
subsequent
education
training
official
guardians
although
measures
deliberately
approved
men
great
genius
ideas
touching
relation
individual
state
wholly
different
upon
institutions
rest
hardly
affirmed
legislature
impose
restrictions
upon
people
state
without
violence
letter
spirit
constitution
vigilant
protection
constitutional
freedoms
nowhere
vital
community
american
schools
shelton
tucker
classroom
peculiarly
marketplace
ideas
nation
future
depends
upon
leaders
trained
wide
exposure
robust
exchange
ideas
discovers
truth
multitude
tongues
rather
kind
authoritative
selection
constitution
free
speech
right
given
circumscribed
exists
principle
fact
freedom
expression
truly
exist
right
exercised
area
benevolent
government
provided
safe
crackpots
constitution
says
congress
may
abridge
right
free
speech
provision
means
says
properly
read
permit
reasonable
regulation
activities
carefully
restricted
circumstances
confine
permissible
exercise
first
amendment
rights
telephone
booth
four
corners
pamphlet
supervised
ordained
discussion
school
classroom
regulation
adopted
school
officials
forbidding
discussion
vietnam
conflict
expression
student
opposition
anywhere
school
property
except
part
prescribed
classroom
exercise
obvious
regulation
violate
constitutional
rights
students
least
justified
showing
students
activities
materially
substantially
disrupt
work
discipline
school
cf
hammond
south
carolina
state
college
supp
orderly
protest
meeting
state
college
campus
dickey
alabama
state
board
education
supp
expulsion
student
editor
college
newspaper
circumstances
present
case
prohibition
silent
passive
witness
armbands
one
children
called
less
offensive
constitution
guarantees
discussed
record
demonstrate
facts
might
reasonably
led
school
authorities
forecast
substantial
disruption
material
interference
school
activities
disturbances
disorders
school
premises
fact
occurred
petitioners
merely
went
ordained
rounds
school
deviation
consisted
wearing
sleeve
band
black
cloth
two
inches
wide
wore
exhibit
disapproval
vietnam
hostilities
advocacy
truce
make
views
known
example
influence
others
adopt
neither
interrupted
school
activities
sought
intrude
school
affairs
lives
others
caused
discussion
outside
classrooms
interference
work
disorder
circumstances
constitution
permit
officials
state
deny
form
expression
express
opinion
form
relief
granted
matter
lower
courts
determine
reverse
remand
proceedings
consistent
opinion
reversed
remanded
footnotes
hamilton
regents
univ
sometimes
cited
broad
proposition
state
may
attach
conditions
attendance
state
university
require
individuals
violate
religious
convictions
case
involved
dismissal
members
religious
denomination
land
grant
college
refusal
participate
military
training
narrowly
viewed
case
turns
upon
conclusion
merely
requiring
student
participate
school
training
military
science
conflict
constitutionally
protected
freedom
conscience
decision
taken
establishing
state
may
impose
enforce
conditions
chooses
upon
attendance
public
institutions
learning
however
violative
may
fundamental
constitutional
guarantees
see
west
virginia
barnette
dixon
alabama
state
board
education
cir
knight
state
board
education
supp
dickey
alabama
state
board
education
supp
see
also
note
unconstitutional
conditions
harv
rev
note
academic
freedom
harv
rev
suggestions
fear
disorder
report
former
student
one
high
schools
killed
viet
nam
friends
still
school
felt
kind
demonstration
existed
might
evolve
something
difficult
control
students
one
high
schools
heard
say
wear
arm
bands
colors
black
bands
prevailed
district
found
school
authorities
prohibiting
black
armbands
influenced
fact
viet
nam
war
involvement
therein
subject
major
controversy
time
arm
band
regulation
involved
herein
promulgated
debate
viet
nam
war
become
vehement
many
localities
protest
march
war
recently
held
washington
wave
draft
card
burning
incidents
protesting
war
swept
country
time
two
highly
publicized
draft
card
burning
cases
pending
individuals
supporting
war
opposing
quite
vocal
expressing
views
principals
meeting
director
secondary
education
principal
high
school
informed
student
principals
opposed
publication
article
reported
felt
friendly
conversation
although
feel
convinced
student
decision
one
hammond
south
carolina
state
college
supp
district
judge
hemphill
case
involving
meeting
campus
students
express
views
school
practices
pointed
school
like
hospital
jail
enclosure
cf
cox
louisiana
adderley
florida
public
place
dedication
specific
uses
imply
constitutional
rights
persons
entitled
gauged
premises
purely
private
property
cf
edwards
south
carolina
brown
louisiana
justice
stewart
concurring
although
agree
much
said
opinion
judgment
case
share
uncritical
assumption
school
discipline
aside
first
amendment
rights
children
adults
indeed
thought
decided
otherwise
last
term
ginsberg
new
york
continue
hold
view
expressed
case
state
may
permissibly
determine
least
precisely
delineated
areas
child
like
someone
captive
audience
possessed
full
capacity
individual
choice
presupposition
first
amendment
guarantees
concurring
result
cf
prince
massachusetts
justice
white
concurring
join
opinion
deem
appropriate
note
first
continues
recognize
distinction
communicating
words
communicating
acts
conduct
sufficiently
impinges
valid
state
interest
second
subscribe
everything
appeals
said
free
speech
opinion
burnside
byars
cir
case
relied
upon
matter
us
justice
black
dissenting
holding
case
ushers
deem
entirely
new
era
power
control
pupils
elected
officials
state
supported
public
schools
ultimate
effect
transferred
brought
particular
case
petition
certiorari
urging
first
fourteenth
amendments
protect
right
school
pupils
express
political
views
way
kindergarten
high
school
constitutional
right
political
expression
asserted
right
wear
black
armbands
school
hours
classes
order
demonstrate
students
petitioners
mourning
death
soldiers
vietnam
protest
war
ordered
refrain
wearing
armbands
school
elected
school
officials
teachers
vested
state
authority
apparently
seven
school
system
pupils
deliberately
refused
obey
order
one
defying
pupil
paul
tinker
years
old
second
grade
another
hope
tinker
years
old
fifth
grade
third
member
tinker
family
eighth
grade
fourth
member
family
john
tinker
years
old
grade
high
school
pupil
father
methodist
minister
without
church
paid
salary
american
friends
service
committee
another
student
defied
school
order
insisted
wearing
armband
school
christopher
eckhardt
grade
pupil
petitioner
case
mother
official
women
international
league
peace
freedom
read
opinion
relies
upon
following
grounds
holding
unconstitutional
judgment
des
moines
school
officials
two
courts
first
concludes
wearing
armbands
symbolic
speech
akin
pure
speech
therefore
protected
first
fourteenth
amendments
secondly
decides
public
schools
appropriate
place
exercise
symbolic
speech
long
normal
school
functions
unreasonably
disrupted
finally
arrogates
rather
state
elected
officials
charged
running
schools
decision
school
disciplinary
regulations
reasonable
assuming
correct
holding
conduct
wearing
armbands
purpose
conveying
political
ideas
protected
first
amendment
giboney
empire
storage
ice
crucial
remaining
questions
whether
students
teachers
may
use
schools
whim
platform
exercise
free
speech
symbolic
pure
whether
courts
allocate
function
deciding
pupils
school
day
spent
always
believed
first
fourteenth
amendments
neither
state
federal
government
authority
regulate
censor
content
speech
never
believed
person
right
give
speeches
engage
demonstrations
pleases
pleases
already
rejected
notion
cox
louisiana
example
clearly
stated
rights
free
speech
assembly
mean
everyone
opinions
beliefs
express
may
address
group
public
place
time
record
show
armband
students
shouted
used
profane
language
violent
manner
detailed
testimony
shows
armbands
caused
comments
warnings
students
poking
fun
warning
older
football
player
nonprotesting
students
better
let
alone
also
evidence
teacher
mathematics
lesson
period
practically
wrecked
chiefly
disputes
mary
beth
tinker
wore
armband
demonstration
even
casual
reading
record
shows
armband
divert
students
minds
regular
lessons
talk
comments
made
john
tinker
attending
school
armband
absence
obscene
remarks
boisterous
loud
disorder
perhaps
justifies
statement
armband
students
actually
disrupt
classwork
think
record
overwhelmingly
shows
armbands
exactly
elected
school
officials
principals
foresaw
took
students
minds
classwork
diverted
thoughts
highly
emotional
subject
vietnam
war
repeat
time
come
pupils
schools
kindergartens
grammar
schools
high
schools
defy
flout
orders
school
officials
keep
minds
schoolwork
beginning
new
revolutionary
era
permissiveness
country
fostered
judiciary
next
logical
step
appears
hold
unconstitutional
laws
bar
pupils
voting
elected
members
boards
education
district
refused
hold
state
school
order
violated
first
fourteenth
amendments
supp
holding
protest
akin
speech
protected
first
fourteenth
amendments
held
school
order
reasonable
hence
constitutional
one
time
line
cases
holding
reasonableness
saw
test
due
process
violation
two
cases
upon
today
heavily
relies
striking
school
order
used
test
reasonableness
meyer
nebraska
bartels
iowa
opinions
cases
written
justice
mcreynolds
justice
holmes
opposed
reasonableness
test
dissented
holdings
justice
sutherland
constitutional
test
reasonableness
prevailed
season
test
brought
president
franklin
roosevelt
fight
proposed
legislation
pass
fight
left
reasonableness
constitutional
test
dead
battlefield
much
ferguson
skrupa
thorough
review
old
cases
able
conclude
time
due
process
clause
used
strike
laws
thought
unreasonable
unwise
incompatible
particular
economic
social
philosophy
doctrine
prevailed
lochner
coppage
adkins
burns
like
cases
due
process
authorizes
courts
hold
laws
unconstitutional
believe
legislature
acted
unwisely
long
since
discarded
deny
therefore
unmistakable
holding
almost
years
students
teachers
take
schoolhouse
gate
constitutional
rights
freedom
speech
expression
even
meyer
hold
makes
reference
symbolic
speech
strike
unreasonable
therefore
unconstitutional
nebraska
law
barring
teaching
german
language
children
reached
eighth
grade
one
well
agree
justice
holmes
justice
sutherland
law
unreasonable
bar
teaching
latin
greek
pupils
reached
eighth
grade
fact
think
majority
reason
invalidating
nebraska
law
like
legal
jargon
shocked
conscience
offended
sense
justice
contrary
fundamental
concepts
world
sometimes
said
see
rochin
california
irvine
california
truth
teacher
kindergarten
grammar
school
high
school
pupils
carries
school
complete
right
freedom
speech
expression
carries
complete
freedom
speech
religion
catholic
church
jewish
synagogue
person
carry
senate
house
complete
constitutional
right
go
places
contrary
rules
speak
mind
subject
pleases
myth
say
person
constitutional
right
say
pleases
pleases
pleases
decided
precisely
opposite
see
cox
louisiana
adderley
florida
view
teachers
public
schools
hired
teach
although
justice
mcreynolds
may
intimated
contrary
meyer
nebraska
supra
certainly
teacher
paid
go
school
teach
subjects
state
hire
teach
part
selected
curriculum
public
school
students
sent
schools
public
expense
broadcast
political
views
educate
inform
public
original
idea
schools
believe
yet
abandoned
worthless
date
children
yet
reached
point
experience
wisdom
enabled
teach
elders
may
nation
outworn
slogan
children
seen
heard
one
may
hope
permitted
harbor
thought
taxpayers
send
children
school
premise
age
need
learn
teach
true
principles
whole
subject
judgment
spoken
justice
mckenna
waugh
mississippi
university
state
passed
law
barring
students
peaceably
assembling
greek
letter
fraternities
providing
students
joined
expelled
school
law
appear
surface
run
afoul
first
amendment
freedom
assembly
clause
law
attacked
violative
due
process
privileges
immunities
clause
deprivation
property
liberty
fourteenth
amendment
argued
fraternity
made
members
moral
taught
discipline
inspired
members
study
harder
obey
better
rules
discipline
order
rejected
fervid
pleas
fraternities
advocates
decided
unanimously
fourteenth
amendment
arguments
next
last
paragraph
made
statement
complete
relevance
us
today
said
fraternity
complainant
belongs
moral
disciplinary
force
need
denied
whether
membership
makes
discipline
state
mississippi
determine
remembered
university
established
state
control
state
enactment
statute
may
induced
opinion
membership
prohibited
societies
divided
attention
students
distracted
singleness
purpose
state
desired
exist
public
educational
institutions
us
entertain
conjectures
opposition
views
state
annul
regulations
upon
disputable
considerations
wisdom
necessity
emphasis
supplied
change
said
truly
law
life
sometimes
old
tried
true
worth
holding
schools
nation
undoubtedly
contributed
giving
us
tranquility
making
us
people
uncontrolled
uncontrollable
liberty
enemy
domestic
peace
close
eyes
fact
country
greatest
problems
crimes
committed
youth
many
school
age
school
discipline
like
parental
discipline
integral
important
part
training
children
good
citizens
better
citizens
small
number
students
crisply
summarily
refused
obey
school
order
designed
give
pupils
want
learn
opportunity
one
need
prophet
son
prophet
know
holding
today
students
iowa
schools
indeed
schools
ready
able
willing
defy
teachers
practically
orders
unfortunate
schools
since
groups
students
land
already
running
loose
conducting
many
student
groups
familiar
read
newspapers
watch
television
news
programs
already
engaged
rioting
property
seizures
destruction
picketed
schools
force
students
cross
picket
lines
often
violently
attacked
earnest
frightened
students
wanted
education
pickets
want
get
students
engaged
activities
apparently
confident
know
far
operate
public
school
systems
parents
teachers
elected
school
officials
answer
say
particular
students
yet
reached
high
points
demands
attend
classes
order
exercise
political
pressures
turned
loose
lawsuits
damages
injunctions
teachers
nothing
wishful
thinking
imagine
young
immature
students
soon
believe
right
control
schools
rather
right
collect
taxes
hire
teachers
benefit
pupils
case
therefore
wholly
without
constitutional
reasons
judgment
subjects
public
schools
country
whims
caprices
maybe
brightest
students
one
fully
persuaded
school
pupils
wise
enough
even
expert
help
washington
run
public
school
systems
wish
therefore
wholly
disclaim
purpose
part
hold
federal
constitution
compels
teachers
parents
elected
school
officials
surrender
control
american
public
school
system
public
school
students
dissent
petition
certiorari
presented
single
question
whether
first
fourteenth
amendments
permit
officials
state
supported
public
schools
prohibit
students
wearing
symbols
political
views
within
school
premises
symbols
disruptive
school
discipline
decorum
following
associated
press
article
appeared
washington
evening
star
january
bellingham
mass
ap
todd
hennessy
filed
nominating
papers
run
town
park
commissioner
march
election
see
nothing
illegal
youth
seeking
elective
office
said
lee
ambler
town
counsel
ca
overlook
possibility
elected
legal
contract
entered
park
commissioner
void
juvenile
todd
junior
mount
charles
academy
top
scholastic
record
cantwell
connecticut
said
first
amendment
declares
congress
shall
make
law
respecting
establishment
religion
prohibiting
free
exercise
thereof
fourteenth
amendment
rendered
legislatures
incompetent
congress
enact
laws
constitutional
inhibition
legislation
subject
religion
double
aspect
one
hand
forestalls
compulsion
law
acceptance
creed
practice
form
worship
freedom
conscience
freedom
adhere
religious
organization
form
worship
individual
may
choose
restricted
law
hand
safeguards
free
exercise
chosen
form
religion
thus
amendment
embraces
two
concepts
freedom
believe
freedom
act
first
absolute
nature
things
second
conduct
remains
subject
regulation
protection
society
statistical
abstract
table
justice
harlan
dissenting
certainly
agree
state
public
school
authorities
discharge
responsibilities
wholly
exempt
requirements
fourteenth
amendment
respecting
freedoms
expression
association
time
reluctant
believe
disagreement
majority
proposition
school
officials
accorded
widest
authority
maintaining
discipline
good
order
institutions
translate
proposition
workable
constitutional
rule
cases
like
cast
upon
complaining
burden
showing
particular
school
measure
motivated
legitimate
school
concerns
example
desire
prohibit
expression
unpopular
point
view
permitting
expression
dominant
opinion
finding
nothing
record
impugns
good
faith
respondents
promulgating
armband
regulation
affirm
judgment