henry
argued
decided
november
without
warrant
search
arrest
federal
officers
investigating
theft
interstate
shipment
whiskey
twice
observed
cartons
placed
motorcar
residential
district
followed
stopped
car
arrested
petitioner
another
man
searched
car
found
seized
cartons
containing
radios
stolen
interstate
shipment
petitioner
trial
unlawfully
possessing
radios
stolen
interstate
shipment
timely
motion
suppress
evidence
seized
overruled
convicted
held
record
case
officers
probable
cause
arrest
stopped
car
search
illegal
articles
seized
admissible
evidence
conviction
reversed
pp
reversed
edward
calihan
argued
cause
filed
brief
petitioner
kirby
patterson
argued
cause
brief
solicitor
general
rankin
assistant
attorney
general
wilkey
beatrice
rosenberg
justice
douglas
delivered
opinion
petitioner
stands
convicted
unlawfully
possessing
three
cartons
radios
valued
stolen
interstate
shipment
see
issue
case
whether
probable
cause
arrest
leading
search
produced
evidence
conviction
rests
timely
motion
suppress
evidence
made
petitioner
overruled
district
judgment
conviction
affirmed
appeals
divided
vote
case
petition
writ
certiorari
theft
interstate
shipment
whisky
terminal
chicago
next
day
two
fbi
agents
neighborhood
investigating
saw
petitioner
one
pierotti
walk
across
street
tavern
get
automobile
agents
given
employer
pierotti
information
undisclosed
nature
concerning
implication
defendant
pierotti
interstate
shipments
far
record
shows
never
went
far
tell
agents
suspected
pierotti
thefts
agents
followed
car
saw
enter
alley
stop
petitioner
got
car
entered
gangway
leading
residential
premises
returned
minutes
cartons
placed
car
pierotti
drove
agents
unable
follow
car
later
found
parked
place
near
tavern
shortly
saw
petitioner
pierotti
leave
tavern
get
car
drive
car
stopped
alley
petitioner
entered
gangway
returned
cartons
agents
observed
transaction
distance
feet
determine
size
number
contents
cartons
car
drove
agents
followed
finally
met
waved
stop
got
car
petitioner
heard
say
hold
followed
tell
picked
agents
searched
car
placed
cartons
bore
name
admiral
addressed
company
car
took
merchandise
petitioner
pierotti
office
held
two
hours
agents
learned
cartons
contained
stolen
radios
placed
men
formal
arrest
statutory
authority
fbi
officers
agents
make
felony
arrests
without
warrant
restricted
offenses
committed
presence
instances
reasonable
grounds
believe
person
arrested
committed
committing
felony
statute
constitutional
standard
command
fourth
amendment
warrants
either
searches
arrests
shall
issue
except
upon
probable
cause
supported
oath
affirmation
particularly
describing
place
searched
persons
things
seized
requirement
probable
cause
roots
deep
history
general
warrant
name
person
arrested
left
blank
writs
assistance
james
otis
inveighed
perpetuated
oppressive
practice
allowing
police
arrest
search
suspicion
police
control
took
place
judicial
control
since
showing
probable
cause
magistrate
required
virginia
declaration
rights
adopted
june
rebelled
practice
general
warrants
whereby
officer
messenger
may
commanded
search
suspected
places
without
evidence
fact
committed
seize
person
persons
named
whose
offence
particularly
described
supported
evidence
grievous
oppressive
granted
warrants
without
oath
affirmation
search
suspected
places
seize
person
property
grievous
oppressive
general
warrants
search
suspected
places
apprehend
suspected
persons
without
naming
describing
place
person
special
illegal
granted
philosophy
later
reflected
fourth
amendment
early
american
decisions
immediately
adoption
show
common
rumor
report
suspicion
even
strong
reason
suspect
adequate
support
warrant
arrest
principle
survived
day
see
di
johnson
giordenello
high
water
johnson
supra
smell
opium
coming
closed
room
enough
support
arrest
search
without
warrant
background
two
scholars
recently
wrote
arrest
mere
suspicion
collides
violently
basic
human
right
liberty
evidence
required
establish
guilt
necessary
brinegar
draper
hand
good
faith
part
arresting
officers
enough
probable
cause
exists
facts
circumstances
known
officer
warrant
prudent
man
believing
offense
committed
stacey
emery
see
director
general
kastenbaum
di
supra
giordenello
supra
important
think
requirement
strictly
enforced
standard
set
constitution
protects
officer
citizen
officer
acts
probable
cause
protected
even
though
turns
citizen
innocent
carroll
search
without
warrant
within
limits
permissible
incident
lawful
arrest
arrest
without
warrant
support
incidental
search
must
made
probable
cause
carroll
supra
immunity
officers
fairly
enlarged
without
jeopardizing
privacy
security
citizen
turn
question
whether
prudent
men
shoes
officers
brinegar
supra
seen
enough
permit
believe
petitioner
violating
violated
law
think
prosecution
conceded
adheres
concession
arrest
took
place
federal
agents
stopped
car
view
facts
particular
case
officers
interrupted
two
men
restricted
liberty
movement
arrest
purposes
case
complete
therefore
necessary
determine
whether
time
reasonable
cause
believe
crime
committed
fact
afterwards
contraband
discovered
enough
arrest
justified
subsequent
search
discloses
johnson
supra
holds
true
federal
crime
committed
terminal
neighborhood
whisky
stolen
interstate
shipment
petitioner
friend
pierotti
suspected
implication
interstate
shipments
said
record
stands
shipments
manner
implicated
remain
unexplained
undefined
rumor
therefore
practically
meaningless
record
far
enough
evidence
justify
magistrate
issuing
warrant
far
record
shows
petitioner
even
suspected
criminal
activity
prior
time
riding
car
stopping
alley
picking
packages
driving
away
acts
outwardly
innocent
movements
car
mark
fleeing
men
men
acting
furtively
case
might
different
packages
taken
terminal
interstate
trucking
platform
said
alley
packages
picked
residential
section
fact
packages
stolen
make
every
man
carries
package
subject
arrest
package
subject
seizure
police
must
reasonable
grounds
believe
particular
package
carried
citizen
contraband
shape
design
might
times
adequate
weight
manner
carried
might
times
enough
nothing
indicate
cartons
issue
probably
contained
liquor
fact
contained
contraband
appeared
hours
arrest
transpired
time
car
stopped
officers
said
irrelevant
narrow
issue
us
repeat
arrest
justified
subsequent
search
discloses
system
suspicion
enough
officer
lay
hands
citizen
better
fourth
amendment
teaches
guilty
sometimes
go
free
citizens
subject
easy
arrest
fact
suspects
automobile
enough
carroll
supra
liberalized
rule
governing
searches
moving
vehicle
involved
decision
merely
relaxed
requirements
warrant
grounds
practicality
dispense
need
probable
cause
reversed
footnotes
quincy
mass
appendix
frisbie
butler
kirby
conner
commonwealth
binn
grumon
raymond
commonwealth
dana
met
mass
conner
commonwealth
supra
note
hogan
snee
rule
rise
rationale
rescue
geo
uniform
crime
reports
compiled
federal
bureau
investigation
vol
xxviii
semiannual
pp
shows
arrest
statistics
cities
including
cities
population
cities
population
report
arrested
suspicion
connection
specific
offense
subsequently
released
without
prosecution
rate
per
inhabitants
grand
total
persons
arrested
specific
offense
excluding
traffic
offenses
suspicion
alone
released
without
held
prosecution
rate
per
inhabitants
alternative
theory
arrest
took
place
subsequent
time
discussed
government
make
clear
press
position
facts
another
case
pending
rios
justice
clark
chief
justice
joins
dissenting
decides
case
narrow
ground
arrest
took
place
moment
federal
bureau
investigation
agents
stopped
car
petitioner
riding
time
probable
cause
exist
government
unnecessarily
seems
conceded
arrest
made
time
car
stopped
bound
government
mistakes
record
shows
beyond
dispute
agents
received
information
pierotti
employer
implicating
pierotti
interstate
shipments
agents
began
surveillance
petitioner
pierotti
recognizing
came
bar
later
agents
observed
loading
cartons
automobile
gangway
alley
chicago
agents
trailing
appeared
delivered
first
load
cartons
suspects
returned
platform
circuitous
route
streets
alleys
agents
saw
petitioner
load
another
set
cartons
car
drive
minutes
later
agents
stopped
car
alighted
car
approached
petitioner
petitioner
overheard
say
hold
tell
picked
since
agents
actually
seen
two
suspects
together
several
hours
apparent
statement
untrue
upon
questioned
defendants
stated
borrowed
car
friend
questioning
petitioner
stepped
car
one
agents
happened
look
door
car
petitioner
left
open
saw
three
cartons
stacked
inside
resembled
petitioner
loaded
car
gangway
agent
saw
cartons
bore
admiral
shipping
labels
addressed
company
cincinnati
ohio
upon
questioning
agent
told
cartons
car
defendants
borrowed
knowing
untrue
agents
searched
car
arrested
petitioner
companion
seized
cartons
seems
say
mere
stopping
car
amounted
arrest
petitioner
agree
suspicious
activities
petitioner
somewhat
prolonged
surveillance
agents
warranted
stopping
car
sighting
cartons
interstate
labels
car
gave
agents
reasonable
ground
believe
crime
course
commission
presence
search
car
subsequent
arrest
therefore
lawful
motion
suppress
properly
overruled
view
time
agents
required
reasonable
grounds
believe
petitioner
committing
felony
began
search
automobile
seen
cartons
interstate
labels
car
earlier
events
certainly
disclosed
ample
grounds
justify
following
car
subsequent
stopping
thereof
questioning
petitioner
agents
interrogation
together
sighting
cartons
labels
gave
agents
indisputable
probable
cause
search
arrest
investigation
proceeds
point
agent
reasonable
grounds
believe
offense
committed
presence
obligated
proceed
make
searches
seizures
arrests
circumstances
require
alertness
crime
discovered
interrupted
prevented
punished
place
additional
burdens
law
enforcement
agencies
affirm
judgments
rationale
brinegar
carroll
may
government
wishful
thinking
regard
relaxation
standards
incident
probable
cause
requirement
making
test
case
lend
indulgence