biswell
argued
march
decided
may
warrantless
search
locked
storeroom
business
hours
part
inspection
procedure
authorized
gun
control
act
resulted
seizure
unlicensed
firearms
dealer
federally
licensed
deal
sporting
weapons
held
violative
fourth
amendment
pp
reversed
remanded
white
delivered
opinion
burger
brennan
stewart
marshall
powell
rehnquist
joined
blackmun
filed
opinion
concurring
result
post
douglas
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
kent
greenawalt
argued
cause
brief
solicitor
general
griswold
assistant
attorney
general
petersen
jerome
feit
beatrice
rosenberg
kirby
patterson
warren
reynolds
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
john
edmunds
melvin
wulf
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
white
delivered
opinion
gun
control
act
stat
et
authorizes
official
entry
business
hours
premises
including
places
storage
firearms
ammunition
dealer
purpose
inspecting
examining
records
documents
required
kept
firearms
ammunition
kept
stored
dealer
premises
respondent
pawn
shop
operator
federally
licensed
deal
sporting
weapons
visited
one
afternoon
city
policeman
federal
treasury
agent
identified
inspected
respondent
books
requested
entry
locked
gun
storeroom
respondent
asked
whether
agent
search
warrant
investigator
told
authorized
inspections
respondent
given
copy
section
read
replied
well
says
guess
okay
respondent
unlocked
storeroom
agent
found
seized
two
rifles
respondent
licensed
possess
indicted
convicted
dealing
firearms
without
paid
required
special
occupational
tax
appeals
reversed
however
holding
unconstitutional
fourth
amendment
authorized
warrantless
searches
business
premises
respondent
ostensible
consent
search
invalid
bumper
north
carolina
appeals
concluded
rifles
illegally
seized
inadmissible
evidence
granted
certiorari
reverse
judgment
appeals
appeals
correctly
recognized
occasion
see
city
seattle
consider
reach
fourth
amendment
respect
various
federal
regulatory
statutes
colonnade
catering
dealt
statutory
authorization
warrantless
inspections
federally
licensed
dealers
alcoholic
beverages
federal
inspectors
without
warrant
without
owner
permission
forcibly
entered
locked
storeroom
seized
illegal
liquor
emphasizing
historically
broad
authority
government
regulate
liquor
industry
approval
similar
inspection
laws
kind
boyd
concluded
congress
ample
power
design
powers
inspection
liquor
laws
deems
necessary
meet
evils
hand
found
however
congress
expressly
provided
forcible
entry
absence
warrant
instead
given
government
agents
remedy
making
criminal
offense
refuse
admission
inspectors
search
accompanied
unauthorized
force
target
inspection
federally
licensed
liquor
dealer
clear
colonnade
fourth
amendment
bar
seizure
illicit
liquor
officers
asked
inspect
respondent
locked
storeroom
merely
asserting
statutory
right
respondent
notice
identity
legal
basis
action
respondent
submission
lawful
authority
decision
step
aside
permit
inspection
rather
face
criminal
prosecution
analogous
acquiescence
search
pursuant
warrant
alternative
possible
criminal
prosecution
refusing
entry
forcible
entry
neither
case
lawfulness
search
depend
consent
lawful
authority
independent
householder
might
things
equal
prefer
search
context
bumper
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carolina
inapposite
since
police
relied
warrant
never
shown
valid
demand
entry
pursuant
lawful
authority
acquiescence
householder
held
involuntary
consent
context
regulatory
inspection
system
business
premises
carefully
limited
time
place
scope
legality
search
depends
consent
authority
valid
statute
think
like
result
required
present
case
involves
similar
inspection
system
aimed
federally
licensed
dealers
firearms
federal
regulation
interstate
traffic
firearms
deeply
rooted
history
governmental
control
liquor
industry
close
scrutiny
traffic
undeniably
central
importance
federal
efforts
prevent
violent
crime
assist
regulating
firearms
traffic
within
borders
see
congressional
findings
declaration
note
preceding
large
interests
stake
inspection
crucial
part
regulatory
scheme
since
assures
weapons
distributed
regular
channels
traceable
manner
makes
possible
prevention
sales
undesirable
customers
detection
origin
particular
firearms
also
apparent
law
properly
enforced
inspection
made
effective
inspections
without
warrant
must
deemed
reasonable
official
conduct
fourth
amendment
see
city
seattle
mission
inspection
system
discover
correct
violations
building
code
conditions
relatively
difficult
conceal
correct
short
time
periodic
inspection
sufficed
inspection
warrants
required
privacy
given
measure
protection
little
threat
effectiveness
inspection
system
issue
expressly
refrained
case
questioning
warrantless
regulatory
search
authorized
gun
control
act
inspection
effective
serve
credible
deterrent
unannounced
even
frequent
inspections
essential
context
prerequisite
warrant
easily
frustrate
inspection
necessary
flexibility
time
scope
frequency
preserved
protections
afforded
warrant
negligible
also
plain
inspections
compliance
gun
control
act
pose
limited
threats
dealer
justifiable
expectations
privacy
dealer
chooses
engage
pervasively
regulated
business
accept
federal
license
knowledge
business
records
firearms
ammunition
subject
effective
inspection
licensee
annually
furnished
revised
compilation
ordinances
describe
obligations
define
inspector
authority
dealer
left
wonder
purposes
inspector
limits
task
little
difficulty
concluding
regulatory
inspections
urgent
federal
interest
possibilities
abuse
threat
privacy
impressive
dimensions
inspection
may
proceed
without
warrant
specifically
authorized
statute
seizure
respondent
rifles
unreasonable
fourth
amendment
judgment
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
respondent
licensed
sell
certain
sporting
weapons
defined
rifles
however
fell
technical
definition
firearms
every
dealer
firearms
required
pay
special
occupational
tax
year
firearms
also
required
registered
dealer
national
firearms
registration
transfer
record
respondent
indicted
six
counts
count
convicted
charged
wilfully
knowingly
engaged
business
dealer
firearms
defined
without
paid
special
occupational
tax
required
business
counts
acquitted
charged
possessed
certain
firearms
identified
serial
number
required
registered
national
firearms
registration
transfer
record
required
count
vi
charged
respondent
failing
maintain
properly
records
required
severed
awaiting
trial
seizure
stolen
goods
authorized
common
law
seizure
goods
forfeited
breach
revenue
laws
concealed
avoid
duties
payable
authorized
english
statutes
least
two
centuries
past
like
seizures
authorized
revenue
acts
commencement
government
first
statute
passed
congress
regulate
collection
duties
act
july
stat
contains
provisions
effect
act
passed
congress
proposed
adoption
original
amendments
constitution
clear
members
body
regard
searches
seizures
kind
unreasonable
embraced
within
prohibition
amendment
case
excisable
dutiable
articles
government
interest
payment
duties
thereon
duties
paid
right
keep
observation
pursue
drag
concealment
omitted
congress
made
crime
violate
provision
gun
control
act
justice
blackmun
concurring
result
member
colonnade
catering
decided
joined
respective
dissenting
opinions
justice
black
chief
justice
therefore
concur
result
justice
douglas
dissenting
justice
clark
writing
panel
appeals
tenth
circuit
said
federal
gun
control
act
provision
inspection
almost
identical
one
colonnade
catering
present
one
provides
secretary
may
enter
business
hours
premises
including
places
storage
firearms
ammunition
dealer
purpose
inspecting
examining
records
documents
required
kept
firearms
ammunition
kept
stored
dealer
secretary
delegate
may
enter
business
hours
premises
dealer
purpose
inspecting
examining
records
documents
required
kept
chapter
colonnade
agreed
congress
broad
power
design
powers
inspection
liquor
laws
deems
necessary
meet
evils
hand
also
said
congress
authorized
inspection
made
rules
governing
procedure
inspectors
must
follow
fourth
amendment
various
restrictive
rules
apply
view
search
conducted
objection
owner
premises
sought
searched
forcible
whether
violent
means
used
effect
search
case
owner
withdrew
objection
upon
shown
copy
statute
authorizing
inspection
saying
law
guess
right
apply
test
consent
used
bumper
north
carolina
affirm
judgment
justice
stewart
speaking
bumper
said
prosecutor
seeks
rely
upon
consent
justify
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burden
proving
consent
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voluntarily
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acquiescence
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reliance
upon
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basis
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turns
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result
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upon
validity
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law
enforcement
officer
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right
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search
situation
instinct
coercion
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holds
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issue