barenblatt
argued
november
decided
june
summoned
testify
subcommittee
house
representatives
committee
activities
investigating
alleged
communist
infiltration
field
education
petitioner
formerly
graduate
student
teaching
fellow
university
michigan
refused
answer
questions
whether
ever
member
communist
party
disclaimed
reliance
upon
privilege
objected
generally
right
subcommittee
inquire
political
religious
beliefs
personal
private
affairs
associational
activities
upon
grounds
set
forth
previously
prepared
memorandum
based
first
ninth
tenth
amendments
prohibition
bills
attainder
doctrine
separation
powers
refusal
convicted
violation
makes
misdemeanor
person
summoned
witness
either
house
congress
committee
thereof
refuse
answer
question
pertinent
question
inquiry
fined
sentenced
imprisonment
six
months
held
petitioner
conviction
sustained
pp
light
committee
history
repeated
extensions
life
well
successive
appropriations
house
representatives
conduct
activities
legislative
authority
subcommittee
conduct
inquiry
consideration
unassailable
house
rule
xi
congress
defines
committee
authority
said
constitutionally
infirm
score
vagueness
watkins
distinguished
pp
rule
xi
persuasive
gloss
legislative
history
shows
beyond
doubt
pursuance
legislative
concerns
domain
national
security
house
representatives
clothed
committee
pervasive
authority
investigate
communist
activities
country
pp
light
legislative
history
rule
xi
construed
exclude
field
education
committee
compulsory
authority
pp
record
case
refutes
petitioner
contention
adequately
apprised
pertinency
subcommittee
questions
subject
matter
inquiry
watkins
supra
distinguished
pp
record
case
balance
individual
governmental
interests
stake
must
struck
favor
latter
therefore
provisions
first
amendment
transgressed
subcommittee
inquiry
petitioner
past
present
membership
communist
party
pp
first
amendment
rights
asserted
bar
governmental
interrogation
resolution
issue
always
involves
balancing
courts
competing
private
public
interests
stake
particular
circumstances
shown
pp
investigation
involved
related
valid
legislative
purpose
since
congress
wide
power
legislate
field
communist
activity
country
conduct
appropriate
investigations
aid
thereof
pp
investigatory
power
domain
denied
congress
solely
field
education
involved
record
case
indicate
attempt
committee
inquire
content
academic
lectures
discussions
investigate
extent
communist
party
succeeded
infiltrating
educational
institutions
persons
groups
committed
furthering
party
alleged
objective
violent
overthrow
government
sweezy
new
hampshire
distinguished
pp
record
case
said
true
objective
committee
congress
purely
exposure
rather
furtherance
valid
legislative
purpose
pp
record
barren
factors
might
lead
conclusion
individual
interests
stake
subordinate
government
edward
ennis
argued
cause
petitioner
brief
nanette
dembitz
david
scribner
philip
monahan
argued
cause
brief
solicitor
general
rankin
acting
assistant
attorney
general
yeagley
doris
spangenburg
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
ralph
fuchs
leo
huard
american
association
university
professors
nathan
witt
john
coe
national
lawyers
guild
justice
harlan
delivered
opinion
required
resolve
conflicting
constitutional
claims
congressional
power
individual
right
resist
exercise
congressional
power
question
concerns
internal
process
congress
moving
within
legislative
domain
involves
utilization
committees
secure
testimony
needed
enable
efficiently
exercise
legislative
function
belonging
constitution
mcgrain
daugherty
power
inquiry
employed
congress
throughout
history
whole
range
national
interests
concerning
congress
might
legislate
decide
upon
due
investigation
legislate
similarly
utilized
determining
appropriate
national
purse
whether
appropriate
scope
power
inquiry
short
penetrating
potential
power
enact
appropriate
constitution
broad
power
however
without
limitations
since
congress
may
investigate
areas
may
potentially
legislate
appropriate
inquire
matters
within
exclusive
province
one
branches
government
lacking
judicial
power
given
judiciary
inquire
matters
exclusively
concern
judiciary
neither
supplant
executive
exclusively
belongs
executive
congress
common
branches
government
must
exercise
powers
subject
limitations
placed
constitution
governmental
action
particularly
context
case
relevant
limitations
bill
rights
congressional
power
inquiry
range
scope
individual
duty
relation
must
viewed
proper
perspective
mcgrain
daugherty
supra
landis
constitutional
limitations
congressional
power
investigation
harv
rev
black
inside
senate
investigation
harpers
monthly
february
power
right
resistance
judged
concrete
basis
abstractions
present
case
congressional
efforts
learn
extent
indeed
problem
brought
one
investigating
committees
field
education
course
broadly
viewed
inquiries
made
teaching
pursued
educational
institutions
academic
corollary
essential
nation
claimed
always
alert
intrusion
congress
constitutionally
protected
domain
mean
congress
precluded
interrogating
witness
merely
teacher
educational
institution
constitutional
sanctuary
inquiry
matters
may
otherwise
within
constitutional
legislative
domain
merely
reason
inquiry
made
someone
within
walls
setting
framework
constitutional
history
practice
legal
precedents
turn
particularities
case
review
petitioner
conviction
contempt
congress
arising
refusal
answer
certain
questions
put
subcommittee
house
committee
activities
course
inquiry
concerning
alleged
communist
infiltration
field
education
case
us
second
time
petitioner
conviction
originally
affirmed
unanimous
panel
appeals
app
granted
certiorari
vacated
judgment
appeals
remanded
case
consideration
light
watkins
reversed
contempt
congress
conviction
decided
appeals
decision
issued
thereafter
appeals
sitting
en
banc
reaffirmed
conviction
divided
app
granted
certiorari
consider
petitioner
statutory
constitutional
challenges
conviction
particularly
claim
judgment
stand
decision
watkins
case
pursuant
subpoena
accompanied
counsel
petitioner
june
appeared
witness
congressional
subcommittee
answering
preliminary
questions
testifying
graduate
student
teaching
fellow
university
michigan
instructor
psychology
vassar
college
shortly
appearance
subcommittee
petitioner
objected
generally
right
subcommittee
inquire
political
religious
beliefs
personal
private
affairs
associational
activities
upon
grounds
set
forth
previously
prepared
memorandum
allowed
file
subcommittee
thereafter
petitioner
specifically
declined
answer
following
five
questions
member
communist
party
count
one
ever
member
communist
party
count
two
stated
knew
francis
crowley
know
francis
crowley
member
communist
party
count
three
ever
member
haldane
club
communist
party
university
michigan
count
four
member
student
university
michigan
council
arts
sciences
professions
count
five
following
receipt
subcommittee
report
occurrences
house
duly
certified
matter
district
columbia
attorney
contempt
proceedings
indictment
five
counts
embracing
one
petitioner
several
refusals
answer
ensued
consent
sides
case
tried
without
jury
upon
conviction
counts
general
sentence
six
months
imprisonment
fine
imposed
since
sentence
less
maximum
punishment
authorized
statute
conviction
one
count
judgment
must
upheld
conviction
upon
counts
sustainable
see
claassen
roviaro
whitfield
ohio
conceive
ultimate
issue
case
whether
petitioner
properly
convicted
contempt
refusing
answer
questions
relating
participation
knowledge
alleged
communist
party
activities
educational
institutions
country
find
unnecessary
consider
validity
conviction
third
fifth
counts
ones
involving
questions
face
directly
relate
participation
knowledge
petitioner
various
contentions
resolve
three
propositions
first
compelling
testimony
subcommittee
neither
legislatively
authorized
constitutionally
permissible
vagueness
rule
xi
house
representatives
congress
charter
authority
parent
committee
second
petitioner
adequately
apprised
pertinency
subcommittee
questions
subject
matter
inquiry
third
questions
petitioner
refused
answer
infringed
rights
protected
first
amendment
subcommittee
authority
compel
testimony
watkins
case
properly
read
standing
proposition
principal
contention
watkins
refusals
answer
justified
requirement
questions
asked
pertinent
question
inquiry
satisfied
reversed
conviction
solely
ground
holding
watkins
adequately
apprised
subject
matter
subcommittee
investigation
pertinency
thereto
questions
refused
answer
see
concurring
opinion
case
deciding
drew
upon
rule
xi
one
facets
total
mise
en
scene
search
question
inquiry
particular
investigation
words
dealing
rule
xi
large
indeed
effect
stated
issue
vagueness
rule
xi
alone
determinative
also
shown
statement
aside
rule
remarks
chairman
members
committee
even
nature
proceedings
might
sometimes
make
topic
inquiry
clear
ibid
short
watkins
critical
rule
xi
involve
broad
inflexible
holding
petitioner
attributes
petitioner
also
contends
independently
watkins
vagueness
rule
xi
deprived
subcommittee
right
compel
testimony
investigation
communist
activity
agree
contention
furthest
reach
mean
house
activities
committee
existing
authority
right
compel
testimony
circumstances
granting
vagueness
rule
may
read
isolation
long
history
house
representatives
legislation
often
given
meaning
gloss
legislative
reports
administrative
interpretation
long
usage
proper
meaning
authorization
congressional
committee
derived
alone
abstract
terms
unrelated
definite
content
furnished
course
congressional
actions
rule
comes
us
persuasive
gloss
legislative
history
witkovich
shows
beyond
doubt
pursuance
legislative
concerns
domain
national
security
house
clothed
activities
committee
pervasive
authority
investigate
communist
activities
country
essence
history
briefly
stated
activities
committee
originally
known
dies
committee
first
established
house
committee
principally
consequence
concern
activities
bund
whose
members
suspected
allegiance
hitler
germany
communist
party
supposed
many
domination
soviet
union
beginning
without
interruption
present
time
undoubted
knowledge
approval
house
committee
devoted
major
part
energies
investigation
communist
activities
particularly
committee
announced
program
field
pursuant
years
conducted
diverse
inquiries
alleged
communist
activities
espionage
efforts
learn
atom
bomb
secrets
infiltration
labor
farmer
veteran
professional
youth
motion
picture
groups
addition
held
number
hearings
upon
various
legislative
proposals
curb
communist
activities
context
unremitting
pursuits
house
steadily
continued
life
committee
commencement
new
congress
never
narrowed
powers
committee
whose
authority
remained
throughout
identical
contained
rule
xi
continuingly
supported
committee
activities
substantial
appropriations
beyond
committee
raised
level
standing
committee
house
special
committee
prior
time
light
long
illuminating
history
hardly
seriously
argued
investigation
communist
activities
generally
attendant
use
compulsory
process
beyond
purview
committee
intended
authority
rule
xi
urged
however
construe
rule
xi
least
exclude
field
education
committee
compulsory
authority
two
four
dissenting
judges
relied
entirely
two
alternatively
ground
app
contention
premised
course
took
rumely
order
avoid
constitutional
issues
construed
narrowly
authority
congressional
committee
involved
follow
route
case
rule
xi
speak
since
congress
put
gloss
upon
time
passage
one
subsequent
history
rule
infirmity
post
litem
motam
declarations
see
rumely
supra
contrary
legislative
gloss
rule
xi
compelling
indication
house
ever
viewed
field
education
outside
committee
authority
rule
xi
legislative
history
affirmatively
evinces
house
approval
phase
committee
work
first
year
activities
committee
heard
testimony
alleged
communist
activities
brooklyn
college
following
year
conducted
similar
hearings
relating
american
student
union
teachers
union
field
communist
influences
education
one
items
contained
committee
program
investigations
including
education
took
place
committee
instituted
investigation
involved
case
desirability
investigating
communism
education
specifically
discussed
consideration
appropriation
year
controversial
debate
approved
framework
committee
history
must
conclude
legislative
authority
conduct
inquiry
presently
consideration
unassailable
independently
whatever
bearing
broad
scope
rule
xi
may
issue
pertinency
given
investigation
communist
activities
watkins
rule
said
constitutionally
infirm
score
vagueness
constitutional
permissibility
authority
otherwise
matter
discussed
later
pertinency
claim
watkins
petitioner
made
specific
objection
subcommittee
questions
ground
pertinency
question
inquiry
disclosed
illuminating
manner
questions
asked
petitioner
amorphous
face
instances
clearly
foreign
alleged
subject
matter
investigation
communism
labor
contrast
petitioner
case
us
raised
objections
ground
pertinency
time
questions
put
true
memorandum
petitioner
brought
subcommittee
hearing
contained
statement
ask
whether
member
communist
party
may
dire
consequences
might
wish
challenge
pertinency
question
investigation
another
point
quoted
opinion
jones
securities
exchange
language
relating
witness
right
informed
pertinency
questions
asked
administrative
agency
statements
however
accepted
equivalent
pertinency
objection
best
constituted
contemplated
objection
questions
still
unasked
buried
context
petitioner
general
challenge
power
subcommittee
hardly
considered
adequate
within
meaning
said
watkins
supra
trigger
subcommittee
reciprocal
obligation
faced
pertinency
objection
need
however
rest
decision
petitioner
failure
object
score
pertinency
made
appear
undisputable
clarity
first
goes
without
saying
scope
committee
authority
house
witness
determine
subject
ultimate
reviewing
responsibility
deal
whether
petitioner
sufficiently
apprised
topic
inquiry
thus
authorized
connective
reasoning
whereby
precise
questions
asked
relate
light
prepared
memorandum
constitutional
objections
doubt
petitioner
well
aware
subcommittee
authority
purpose
question
see
supra
addition
sources
information
recognized
watkins
supra
leave
room
pertinency
objection
record
subject
matter
inquiry
identified
commencement
investigation
communist
infiltration
field
education
prior
petitioner
appearance
subcommittee
scope
day
hearings
announced
main
communism
education
experiences
background
party
francis
crowley
deal
activities
michigan
boston
small
degree
new
york
petitioner
heard
subcommittee
interrogate
witness
crowley
along
lines
petitioner
evidently
questioned
listened
crowley
testimony
identifying
former
member
alleged
communist
student
organization
university
michigan
attendance
petitioner
stood
mute
face
chairman
statement
called
witness
subcommittee
lastly
unlike
watkins
petitioner
refused
answer
questions
communist
party
affiliations
whose
pertinency
course
clear
beyond
doubt
petitioner
contentions
aspect
case
sustained
constitutional
contentions
precise
constitutional
issue
confronting
us
whether
subcommittee
inquiry
petitioner
past
present
membership
communist
party
transgressed
provisions
first
amendment
course
reach
limit
congressional
investigations
watkins
supra
past
cases
establish
sure
guides
decision
undeniably
first
amendment
circumstances
protects
individual
compelled
disclose
associational
relationships
however
protections
first
amendment
unlike
proper
claim
privilege
fifth
amendment
afford
witness
right
resist
inquiry
circumstances
first
amendment
rights
asserted
bar
governmental
interrogation
resolution
issue
always
involves
balancing
courts
competing
private
public
interests
stake
particular
circumstances
shown
principles
recognized
watkins
case
speaking
first
amendment
relation
congressional
inquiries
said
manifest
despite
adverse
effects
follow
upon
compelled
disclosure
private
matters
inquiries
barred
critical
element
existence
weight
ascribed
interest
congress
demanding
disclosures
unwilling
witness
see
also
american
communications
assn
douds
rumely
supra
recently
national
association
advancement
colored
people
alabama
applied
principles
judging
state
action
claimed
infringe
rights
association
assured
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
stated
subordinating
interest
state
must
compelling
order
overcome
individual
constitutional
rights
stake
see
sweezy
new
hampshire
concurring
opinion
light
principles
consider
petitioner
first
amendment
claims
first
question
whether
investigation
related
valid
legislative
purpose
congress
may
constitutionally
require
individual
disclose
political
relationships
private
affairs
except
relation
purpose
see
watkins
supra
congress
wide
power
legislate
field
communist
activity
country
conduct
appropriate
investigations
aid
thereof
hardly
debatable
existence
power
never
questioned
sufficient
say
without
particularization
congress
enacted
considered
field
wide
range
legislative
measures
stemmed
recommendations
committee
whose
actions
drawn
question
last
analysis
power
rests
right
ultimate
value
society
dennis
justification
exercise
turn
rests
long
widely
accepted
view
tenets
communist
party
include
ultimate
overthrow
government
force
violence
view
given
formal
expression
congress
premises
constitutional
adjudications
consistently
refused
view
communist
party
ordinary
political
party
upheld
federal
legislation
aimed
communist
problem
different
context
certainly
raised
constitutional
issues
gravest
character
see
carlson
landon
galvan
press
premises
upheld
fourteenth
amendment
state
legislation
requiring
occupying
seeking
public
office
disclaim
knowing
membership
organization
advocating
overthrow
government
force
violence
legislation
none
avoid
seeing
aimed
membership
communist
party
see
gerende
board
supervisors
garner
board
public
works
see
also
beilan
board
public
education
lerner
casey
adler
board
education
similarly
areas
recognized
close
nexus
communist
party
violent
overthrow
government
see
dennis
supra
american
communications
assn
douds
supra
suggest
communist
party
may
also
sponsor
peaceable
political
reforms
constitutional
issues
us
judged
party
ordinary
political
party
standpoint
national
security
ask
blind
world
affairs
determined
whole
course
national
policy
since
close
world
war
ii
affairs
judge
learned
hand
gave
vivid
expression
opinion
dennis
vast
burdens
conditions
entailed
entire
nation
think
investigatory
power
domain
denied
congress
solely
field
education
involved
nothing
prevailing
opinions
sweezy
new
hampshire
supra
stands
contrary
view
vice
existing
questioning
sweezy
shown
ever
connected
communist
party
contents
lecture
given
university
new
hampshire
connections
progressive
party
ballot
normal
political
party
far
removed
premises
constitutionality
state
investigation
depend
withstand
attack
fourteenth
amendment
see
concurring
opinion
sweezy
supra
different
thing
inquiring
extent
communist
party
succeeded
infiltrating
universities
elsewhere
persons
groups
committed
furthering
objective
overthrow
see
note
supra
indeed
understand
petitioner
suggest
congress
circumstances
may
inquire
communist
activity
field
education
rather
position
effect
particular
investigation
aimed
revolutionary
aspects
theoretical
classroom
discussion
communism
opinion
position
rests
constricted
view
nature
investigatory
process
supported
fair
assessment
record
us
investigation
advocacy
preparation
overthrow
certainly
embraces
right
identify
witness
member
communist
party
see
barsky
app
inquire
various
manifestations
party
tenets
strict
requirements
prosecution
smith
act
see
dennis
supra
yates
measure
permissible
scope
congressional
investigation
overthrow
necessity
investigatory
process
must
proceed
step
step
fairly
concluded
investigation
directed
controlling
taught
universities
rather
overthrow
statement
subcommittee
chairman
opening
investigation
evinces
intention
far
record
reveals
nothing
thereafter
transpired
justify
holding
thrust
investigation
later
changed
record
discloses
considerable
testimony
concerning
foreign
domination
revolutionary
purposes
efforts
communist
party
also
testimony
abstract
philosophical
level
detract
dominant
theme
investigation
communist
infiltration
furthering
alleged
ultimate
purpose
overthrow
certainly
conclusion
justified
questioning
petitioner
exceeded
permissible
bounds
shut
subcommittee
threshold
accept
contention
investigation
deemed
furtherance
legislative
purpose
true
objective
committee
congress
purely
exposure
long
congress
acts
pursuance
constitutional
power
judiciary
lacks
authority
intervene
basis
motives
spurred
exercise
power
arizona
california
cases
cited
course
true
said
mccray
authority
judiciary
restrain
lawful
exercise
power
another
department
government
wrong
motive
purpose
impelled
exertion
power
abuses
power
conferred
may
temporarily
effectual
remedy
however
lies
abuse
judicial
authority
functions
people
upon
institutions
reliance
must
placed
correction
abuses
committed
exercise
lawful
power
principles
course
apply
well
committee
investigations
need
legislation
enactments
investigations
may
produce
cf
tenney
brandhove
thus
stating
watkins
case
congressional
power
expose
sake
exposure
time
declined
inquire
motives
committee
members
recognized
motives
alone
vitiate
investigation
instituted
house
congress
assembly
legislative
purpose
served
scrutinized
record
say
unanimous
panel
appeals
first
considered
case
wrong
concluding
primary
purposes
inquiry
aid
legislative
processes
certainly
case
like
kilbourn
thompson
house
representatives
exceeded
limit
authority
assumed
power
properly
exercised
another
branch
government
nature
clearly
judicial
see
mcgrain
daugherty
constitutional
legislative
power
congress
instance
beyond
question
finally
record
barren
factors
might
sometimes
lead
conclusion
individual
interests
stake
subordinate
state
indication
record
subcommittee
attempting
pillory
witnesses
petitioner
appearance
witness
follow
indiscriminate
dragnet
procedures
lacking
probable
cause
belief
possessed
information
might
helpful
subcommittee
relevancy
questions
put
subcommittee
open
doubt
conclude
balance
individual
governmental
interests
stake
must
struck
favor
latter
therefore
provisions
first
amendment
offended
hold
petitioner
conviction
contempt
congress
discloses
infirmity
judgment
appeals
must
affirmed
footnotes
words
panel
appeals
first
heard
case
memorandum
best
described
lengthy
legal
brief
attacking
jurisdiction
committee
ask
appellant
questions
conduct
inquiry
based
first
ninth
tenth
amendments
prohibition
bills
attainder
doctrine
separation
powers
app
take
mean
privilege
see
note
supra
res
cong
rec
committee
charter
appears
paragraph
rule
xi
references
rule
throughout
opinion
intended
signify
paragraph
committee
activities
whole
subcommittee
authorized
make
time
time
investigations
extent
character
objects
propaganda
activities
diffusion
within
subversive
propaganda
instigated
foreign
countries
domestic
origin
attacks
principle
form
government
guaranteed
constitution
questions
relation
thereto
aid
congress
necessary
remedial
legislation
res
cong
rec
rule
remains
current
form
res
cong
watkins
reached
extent
claimed
petitioner
reversal
judgment
appeals
remand
consideration
required
case
first
came
us
res
cong
rec
see
debate
original
authorizing
resolution
cong
rec
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
report
committee
activities
house
representatives
december
committee
print
sess
rep
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
sess
scope
program
follows
expose
ferret
communists
communist
sympathizers
federal
government
spotlight
spectacle
outright
communists
controlling
dominating
vital
unions
american
labor
institute
countereducational
program
subversive
propaganda
hurled
american
people
investigation
groups
movements
trying
dissipate
atomic
bomb
knowledge
benefit
foreign
power
investigation
communist
influences
hollywood
investigation
communist
influences
education
organization
research
staff
furnish
reference
service
members
congress
keep
currently
informed
subjects
relating
subversive
activities
continued
accumulation
files
records
placed
disposal
investigative
units
government
armed
services
report
committee
activities
house
representatives
committee
print
report
committee
activities
house
representatives
december
committee
print
sess
sess
sess
rep
sess
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
see
note
infra
see
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
res
cong
rec
committee
charter
embodied
legislative
reorganization
act
stat
since
house
continued
life
committee
making
charter
provisions
act
part
house
rules
new
congress
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
rec
res
cong
hearings
house
special
committee
activities
res
sess
hearings
house
special
committee
activities
res
sess
see
note
supra
defense
area
hearings
detroit
involved
inquiries
communist
activities
among
students
teachers
michigan
schools
universities
sess
similar
investigations
conducted
committee
year
chicago
defense
area
committee
investigated
alleged
communist
infiltration
public
school
systems
philadelphia
new
york
sess
course
debate
member
activities
committee
representative
jackson
commented
far
education
concerned
american
educators
gentlemen
objecting
investigation
communism
communists
education
recognize
valid
distinction
want
point
blunderbuss
approach
problem
communism
education
interested
textbooks
interested
classroom
operations
universities
interested
instead
finding
communists
communist
conspiracy
may
say
connection
sworn
testimony
identifying
individuals
presently
campuses
country
men
identified
oath
members
communist
party
member
body
say
investigate
situation
cong
rec
citizen
interrogated
private
affairs
right
answering
know
inquiry
made
purpose
disclosed
legitimate
one
may
compelled
answer
excerpts
chairman
statement
opening
investigation
february
nature
inquiry
set
forth
note
infra
crowley
immediately
preceded
petitioner
witness
stand
appears
undisputed
petitioner
hearing
room
time
statement
made
crowley
testimony
examination
petitioner
acknowledged
knowing
crowley
chairman
stated
hearing
petitioner
excused
evidence
information
contained
files
committee
nature
evidence
shows
clearly
witness
information
communist
activities
america
particularly
attended
university
michigan
information
witness
valuable
committee
work
sustaining
petitioner
conviction
one
five
counts
indictment
suffices
affirmance
judgment
review
state
constitutional
issue
terms
petitioner
refusals
answer
questions
involved
counts
one
two
order
sharpen
discussion
however
consider
refusal
answer
question
embraced
count
four
require
constitutional
result
counts
three
five
see
supra
congress
shall
make
law
respecting
establishment
religion
prohibiting
free
exercise
thereof
abridging
freedom
speech
press
right
people
peaceably
assemble
petition
government
redress
grievances
see
legislative
recommendations
house
committee
activities
subsequent
action
taken
congress
executive
agencies
research
study
legislative
reference
service
library
congress
committee
activities
house
representatives
june
see
subversive
activities
control
act
title
internal
security
act
stat
see
also
carlson
landon
amicus
brief
american
association
university
professors
page
claims
academic
freedom
asserted
unqualifiedly
social
interest
embodies
one
larger
set
within
interest
national
enlightened
also
prominently
appear
two
major
interests
collide
present
case
neither
one
claim
priori
supremacy
nature
system
laws
must
demonstrable
justification
action
government
endangers
denies
freedom
guaranteed
constitution
stat
following
excerpts
statement
opening
hearing
well
make
clear
others
nature
investigation
time
time
committee
investigated
communists
communist
activities
within
entertainment
newspaper
labor
fields
also
within
professions
government
instance
work
committee
taken
character
investigation
entertainment
organizations
newspapers
labor
unions
professions
government
purpose
committee
investigate
education
educational
institutions
purpose
committee
investigating
communists
communist
activities
within
field
education
greater
less
purpose
investigating
communists
communist
activities
within
field
labor
field
committee
charged
congress
responsibility
investigating
extent
character
objects
propaganda
activities
diffusion
within
subversive
propaganda
instigated
foreign
countries
domestic
origin
attacks
principle
form
government
guaranteed
constitution
questions
relation
thereto
aid
congress
necessary
remedial
legislation
fully
established
testimony
congressional
committees
courts
land
communist
party
part
international
conspiracy
used
tool
weapon
foreign
power
promote
foreign
policy
object
overthrow
governments
countries
resorting
use
force
violence
necessary
communism
communist
activities
investigated
vacuum
investigation
must
necessity
relate
individuals
therefore
morning
committee
calling
one
davis
person
known
committee
one
time
member
communist
party
committee
equally
concerned
opportunities
communist
party
wield
influence
upon
members
teaching
profession
students
communists
members
teaching
profession
therefore
objective
investigation
ascertain
character
extent
objects
communist
party
activities
activities
carried
members
teaching
profession
subject
directives
discipline
communist
party
full
statement
printed
appendix
original
appeals
opinion
app
thus
early
investigation
one
witnesses
hicks
testified
response
question
general
purpose
communist
party
endeavoring
organize
cell
unit
among
teaching
profession
various
universities
contrary
original
view
obvious
popular
front
communist
protection
democracy
fascism
simply
dodge
happened
particular
years
serve
foreign
policy
soviet
union
seems
party
organizing
branches
colleges
two
purposes
one
carry
existing
line
wanted
make
show
advancing
course
try
corps
disciplined
revolutionaries
use
purposes
time
came
agree
appeals
one
sentence
appearing
committee
report
upon
petitioner
largely
predicates
exposure
argument
bears
little
significance
read
context
full
report
light
entire
record
sentence
reads
hearings
set
committee
order
demonstrate
people
michigan
fields
concentration
communist
party
michigan
area
identity
individuals
responsible
success
see
note
supra
justice
black
chief
justice
justice
douglas
concur
dissenting
may
petitioner
lloyd
barenblatt
years
old
teacher
psychology
vassar
college
summoned
appear
subcommittee
house
committee
activities
service
summons
barenblatt
appeared
june
contract
vassar
expired
renewed
therefore
came
committee
private
citizen
without
job
earlier
day
committee
interest
barenblatt
aroused
testimony
named
crowley
crowley
first
appeared
activities
committee
steadfastly
refused
admit
deny
communist
affiliations
identify
others
communists
house
reported
refusal
attorney
prosecution
crowley
voluntarily
returned
asked
testify
sworn
interrogated
made
aware
various
committee
members
committee
policy
make
appropriate
recommendation
protect
witness
fully
cooperates
committee
talked
length
identifying
name
address
occupation
whenever
possible
people
claimed
communists
one
barenblatt
according
crowley
communist
graduate
student
teaching
fellow
university
michigan
though
crowley
testified
great
detail
small
group
communists
michigan
time
though
committee
satisfied
testimony
sought
repetition
much
information
barenblatt
barenblatt
however
refused
answer
questions
filed
long
statement
outlining
constitutional
objections
asserted
committee
violating
constitution
abridging
freedom
speech
thought
press
association
conducting
legislative
trials
known
suspected
communists
trespassed
exclusive
power
judiciary
argued
however
answered
questions
relating
membership
communist
party
position
society
ability
earn
living
seriously
jeopardized
effect
subjected
bill
attainder
despite
constitutional
mandate
legislative
punishments
occur
pointed
even
invoke
protection
clearly
applicable
provisions
bill
rights
reason
refusing
answer
repeated
objections
district
reason
dismissing
indictment
contempt
congress
position
however
rejected
trial
appeals
district
columbia
circuit
strong
dissents
chief
judge
edgerton
judges
bazelon
fahy
washington
today
affirms
thereby
sanctions
use
contempt
power
enforce
questioning
congressional
committees
realm
speech
association
agree
disposition
case
believe
resolution
establishing
house
activities
committee
questions
committee
asked
barenblatt
violate
constitution
several
respects
rule
xi
creating
committee
authorizes
sweeping
unlimited
undiscriminating
compulsory
examination
witnesses
field
speech
press
petition
assembly
violates
procedural
requirements
due
process
clause
fifth
amendment
compelling
answer
questions
asked
barenblatt
abridges
freedom
speech
association
contravention
first
amendment
committee
proceedings
part
legislative
program
stigmatize
punish
public
identification
exposure
witnesses
considered
committee
guilty
communist
affiliations
well
witnesses
refused
answer
committee
questions
constitutional
grounds
committee
thus
improperly
seeking
try
convict
punish
suspects
task
constitution
expressly
denies
congress
grants
exclusively
courts
exercised
indictment
full
compliance
safeguards
provided
bill
rights
goes
without
saying
law
valid
must
clear
enough
make
commands
understandable
obvious
reasons
standard
certainty
required
criminal
statutes
exacting
noncriminal
statutes
simply
unthinkable
convict
man
violating
law
understand
recognized
stricter
standard
much
required
criminal
contempt
cases
criminal
cases
emphasized
vice
vagueness
especially
pernicious
legislative
power
area
involving
speech
press
petition
assembly
involved
area
statement
statute
void
attempts
cover
much
effectively
covers
nothing
see
musser
utah
takes
double
significance
statute
broad
enough
support
infringement
speech
writings
thoughts
public
assemblies
unequivocal
command
first
amendment
necessarily
leaves
persons
guess
law
really
means
cover
fear
wrong
guess
inevitably
leads
people
forego
rights
constitution
sought
protect
others
vagueness
becomes
even
intolerable
area
one
accepts
today
balancing
test
decide
first
amendment
rights
shall
protected
difficult
best
make
man
guess
penalty
imprisonment
whether
consider
state
need
certain
information
superior
society
interest
unfettered
freedom
unconscionable
make
choose
right
keep
silent
need
speak
statute
supposedly
establishing
state
interest
vague
give
guidance
cf
scull
virginia
measured
foregoing
standards
rule
xi
support
conviction
refusal
testify
substance
authorizes
committee
compel
witnesses
give
evidence
propaganda
whether
instigated
country
abroad
word
propaganda
seems
mean
anything
people
say
write
think
associate
together
term
equally
vague
said
watkins
define
meaning
single
solitary
principle
form
government
guaranteed
constitution
think
clear
boundaries
committee
say
least
nebulous
indeed
difficult
imagine
less
explicit
authorizing
resolution
ibid
denying
vagueness
rule
xi
nevertheless
defends
application
questions
asked
concerned
communism
subject
investigation
reported
house
committee
numerous
occasions
issue
merely
whether
congress
intended
allow
investigation
communism
even
communism
education
may
well
hold
data
cited
sufficient
support
finding
intent
expressly
issue
test
issue
whether
barenblatt
know
sufficient
certainty
time
interrogation
compelling
need
replies
infringement
rights
free
association
justified
record
disclose
barenblatt
find
need
certainly
clear
congressional
statement
rule
xi
perhaps
barenblatt
time
read
reports
committee
house
addition
examined
appropriations
made
committee
like
discerned
intent
congress
allow
investigation
communism
education
even
hard
put
decide
need
investigation
since
congress
expressed
neither
enacted
rule
xi
acquiesced
committee
assertions
power
yet
knowledge
need
wanted
wanted
witness
must
position
comply
rule
balance
individual
rights
requirements
state
see
knowledge
exist
rule
xi
even
barenblatt
evaluate
importance
government
information
sought
rule
xi
still
broad
support
conviction
dealing
governmental
procedures
admits
reach
fringes
congressional
power
cases
required
legislatures
vague
delegation
filled
later
mute
acquiescence
congress
wants
ideas
investigated
even
wants
investigated
field
education
must
prepared
say
expressly
unequivocally
enough
exhaustive
research
establish
even
conclusively
congress
wished
allow
investigation
find
unequivocal
statement
reasons
hold
rule
xi
broad
meaningful
support
petitioner
conviction
ii
first
amendment
says
equivocal
language
congress
shall
pass
law
abridging
freedom
speech
press
assembly
petition
activities
committee
authorized
congress
precisely
exposure
obloquy
public
scorn
see
watkins
really
deny
fact
relies
combination
three
reasons
permitting
infringement
notion
despite
first
amendment
command
congress
abridge
speech
association
decides
governmental
interest
abridging
speech
greater
individual
interest
exercising
freedom
government
right
preserve
fact
committee
communists
suspected
communists
investigation
agree
laws
directly
abridging
first
amendment
freedoms
justified
congressional
judicial
balancing
process
course
cases
suggesting
law
primarily
regulates
conduct
might
also
indirectly
affect
speech
upheld
effect
speech
minor
relation
need
control
conduct
cases
agree
typical
cantwell
connecticut
schneider
irvington
involved
right
city
control
streets
cantwell
man
convicted
breach
peace
playing
phonograph
street
defended
ground
disseminating
religious
views
therefore
stopped
upheld
defense
pointed
city
substantial
power
conduct
streets
even
power
might
extent
affect
speech
state
said
might
general
legislation
regulate
times
places
manner
soliciting
upon
streets
holding
meetings
thereon
even
laws
governing
conduct
emphasized
must
tested
though
balancing
process
indirectly
affect
ideas
one
side
balance
pointed
interest
seeing
fundamental
law
protecting
freedom
communication
abridged
obvious
interest
state
regulate
conduct
within
boundaries
cantwell
held
need
control
streets
justify
restriction
made
speech
stressed
fact
man
right
street
right
peacefully
impart
views
others
similar
views
expressed
schneider
concerned
ordinances
prohibiting
distribution
handbills
prevent
littering
forbade
application
ordinances
affected
literature
designed
spread
ideas
ways
said
protect
city
littering
sacrifice
right
people
informed
holding
course
found
necessary
weigh
circumstances
schneider
cantwell
even
remotely
suggest
law
directly
aimed
curtailing
speech
political
persuasion
saved
balancing
process
neither
cases
others
read
allowing
legislative
bodies
pass
laws
abridging
freedom
speech
press
association
merely
hostility
views
peacefully
expressed
place
speaker
right
rule
xi
face
applied
since
attempts
inquiry
beliefs
action
ideas
associations
conduct
apply
balancing
test
circumstances
read
first
amendment
say
congress
shall
pass
law
abridging
freedom
speech
press
assembly
petition
unless
congress
reach
joint
conclusion
balance
interest
government
stifling
freedoms
greater
interest
people
exercised
closely
akin
notion
neither
first
amendment
provision
bill
rights
enforced
unless
believes
reasonable
violate
genius
written
constitution
runs
expressly
counter
injunction
congress
made
madison
introduced
bill
rights
first
ten
amendments
incorporated
constitution
independent
tribunals
justice
consider
peculiar
manner
guardians
rights
impenetrable
bulwark
every
assumption
power
legislative
executive
naturally
led
resist
every
encroachment
upon
rights
expressly
stipulated
constitution
declaration
rights
unless
return
view
judicial
function
unless
accept
notion
bill
rights
means
says
must
enforce
meaning
opinion
great
charter
liberty
honored
breach
observance
even
assuming
assume
balancing
proper
case
feel
stating
test
ignores
completely
balances
right
government
preserve
barenblatt
right
refrain
revealing
communist
affiliations
balance
however
mistakes
factors
weighed
first
place
completely
leaves
real
interest
barenblatt
silence
interest
people
whole
able
join
organizations
advocate
causes
make
political
mistakes
without
later
subjected
governmental
penalties
dared
think
right
right
err
politically
keeps
us
strong
nation
number
laws
communism
much
effect
personal
conviction
comes
heard
arguments
rejected
accepted
tenets
later
recognized
worthlessness
instead
obloquy
results
investigations
stifles
mistakes
prevents
courageous
hazarding
views
might
later
time
become
disfavored
result
whose
importance
overestimated
doubly
crucial
affects
universities
must
largely
rely
experimentation
development
new
ideas
essential
country
welfare
interests
society
rather
barenblatt
right
silence
think
put
balance
demands
government
balancing
process
tolerated
instead
mentioned
side
demands
government
vastly
overstated
called
self
preservation
admitted
committee
seek
information
purpose
suggesting
laws
congress
power
make
laws
realm
speech
association
quite
limited
even
test
interest
making
laws
field
education
primarily
state
function
clearly
narrower
still
yet
styles
attenuated
interest
allows
overcome
need
country
let
us
think
speak
associate
politically
like
without
fear
reprisal
result
reduces
balancing
mere
play
words
completely
inconsistent
rules
previously
given
applying
balancing
test
proper
courts
astute
examine
effect
challenged
legislation
mere
legislative
preferences
beliefs
may
well
support
regulation
directed
personal
activities
insufficient
justify
diminishes
exercise
rights
vital
maintenance
democratic
institutions
schneider
irvington
italics
supplied
moreover
agree
notion
first
amendment
freedoms
must
abridged
order
preserve
country
notion
rests
unarticulated
premise
nation
security
hangs
upon
power
punish
people
think
speak
write
associate
political
purposes
government
brief
virtually
admits
position
speaks
communication
unlawful
ideas
challenge
premise
deny
ideas
proscribed
constitution
agree
despotic
governments
exist
without
stifling
voice
opposition
oppressive
practices
first
amendment
means
however
constitutional
way
government
preserve
leave
people
fullest
possible
freedom
praise
criticize
discuss
see
fit
governmental
policies
suggest
desire
even
fundamental
postulates
bad
changed
therein
lies
security
republic
foundation
constitutional
government
premise
land
created
premise
grown
greatness
constitution
assumes
common
sense
people
attachment
country
enable
free
discussion
withstand
ideas
wrong
say
patriotism
must
protected
false
ideas
means
think
make
baseless
charge
unless
rely
qualities
short
begin
punish
speech
honestly
proclaim
free
nation
lost
founders
land
risked
lives
sacred
honor
defend
implies
however
ordinary
rules
requirements
constitution
apply
committee
merely
communists
constitute
political
party
criminal
gang
long
widely
accepted
view
says
tenets
communist
party
include
ultimate
overthrow
government
force
violence
justifies
investigation
undertaken
accepting
charge
allowing
support
treatment
communist
party
members
violate
constitution
applied
groups
effect
declares
party
outlawed
years
since
practically
unanimous
feeling
throughout
country
courts
done
free
land
course
always
recognized
members
party
either
individually
combination
commit
acts
violation
valid
laws
prosecuted
party
whole
innocent
members
attainted
merely
illegal
aims
members
lawbreakers
thus
de
jonge
oregon
stipulated
facts
communist
party
advocated
criminal
syndicalism
crime
physical
violence
sabotage
unlawful
acts
methods
means
accomplishing
effecting
industrial
political
change
revolution
unanimous
speaking
chief
justice
hughes
held
communist
addressing
communist
rally
found
guilty
offense
long
violence
crime
urged
meeting
absolutely
refused
concede
either
de
jonge
communist
party
forfeited
protections
first
fourteenth
amendments
one
party
purposes
effect
violent
change
government
see
also
herndon
lowry
later
various
bills
proposed
house
senate
handicap
outlaw
communist
party
leaders
bar
asked
give
views
rose
contest
constitutionality
measures
late
charles
evans
hughes
questioned
validity
first
fifth
amendments
one
bills
effect
outlawed
party
late
john
davis
attacked
lacking
ascertainable
standard
guilt
many
cases
attorney
general
indicated
measure
unconstitutional
declared
unwise
even
valid
buttressed
position
citing
statement
edgar
hoover
director
federal
bureau
investigation
declaration
west
virginia
board
education
barnette
fixed
star
constitutional
constellation
official
high
petty
prescribe
shall
orthodox
politics
nationalism
religion
matters
opinion
force
citizens
confess
word
act
faith
therein
statements
indicate
quite
clearly
matter
often
quickly
repeat
claim
communist
party
political
party
outlaw
group
without
endangering
liberty
us
reason
hard
find
mixed
among
aims
communism
illegal
perfectly
normal
political
social
goals
muddled
revolutionary
tenets
drive
achieve
power
ballot
done
things
necessarily
make
political
party
whatever
illegal
aims
may
cf
gerende
board
supervisors
significantly
recently
communist
party
ballot
many
many
communists
undoubtedly
hoped
accomplish
lawful
goals
support
communist
candidates
even
may
still
remain
attribute
left
party
taint
group
ignore
traditions
guilt
like
belief
personal
matter
mere
association
obvious
fact
men
adhering
political
party
organization
notoriously
subscribe
unqualifiedly
platforms
asserted
principles
schneiderman
see
also
dennis
dissenting
opinions
fact
allow
group
political
aims
ideas
driven
ballot
battle
men
minds
members
bad
tenets
illegal
group
safe
today
deal
communists
suspected
communists
instead
new
york
assembly
suspended
duly
elected
legislators
ground
socialists
disloyal
country
principles
masons
hunted
outlaws
subversives
abolitionists
considered
revolutionaries
dangerous
kind
north
south
earlier
still
time
universally
unlamented
alien
sedition
laws
thomas
jefferson
party
attacked
members
derisively
called
jacobins
fisher
ames
described
party
french
faction
guilty
subversion
officered
regimented
formed
subordination
members
claimed
intended
take
arms
laws
soon
dare
history
teach
us
times
high
emotional
excitement
minority
parties
groups
advocate
extremely
unpopular
social
governmental
innovations
always
typed
criminal
gangs
attempts
always
made
drive
knowledge
fact
great
dangers
caused
founders
land
enact
first
amendment
guarantee
neither
congress
people
anything
hinder
destroy
capacity
individuals
groups
seek
converts
votes
cause
however
radical
unpalatable
principles
might
seem
accepted
notions
time
whatever
left
free
first
amendment
sought
leave
congress
devoid
kind
quality
power
direct
type
national
laws
freedom
individuals
think
please
advocate
whatever
policy
choose
join
others
bring
social
religious
political
governmental
changes
seem
best
today
holding
judgment
marks
another
major
step
progressively
increasing
retreat
safeguards
first
amendment
sadly
answer
say
allow
trend
overwhelm
us
today
holding
strictly
confined
communists
language
implies
decision
contained
holding
american
communications
assn
douds
case
sustained
exercise
commerce
power
act
required
labor
union
officials
take
oath
members
communist
party
rejected
idea
douds
holding
meant
party
members
attainted
communist
beliefs
went
great
lengths
explain
act
held
valid
touches
relative
handful
persons
leaving
great
majority
persons
identified
affiliations
beliefs
completely
free
restraint
hile
sits
proclaimed
wholesale
proscription
communists
party
occur
dissented
said
circumstances
restrictions
imposed
proscribed
groups
seldom
static
even
though
rate
expansion
may
move
geometric
progression
discrimination
ghetto
worse
thus
regard
holding
one
merely
bars
communists
holding
union
office
nothing
reasoning
apply
forcibly
statutes
barring
communists
respective
sympathizers
election
political
office
mere
membership
unions
fact
getting
holding
job
whereby
earn
living
iii
finally
think
barenblatt
conviction
violates
constitution
chief
aim
purpose
practice
house
activities
committee
disclosed
many
reports
try
witnesses
punish
communists
refuse
admit
deny
communist
affiliations
punishment
imposed
generally
punishment
humiliation
public
shame
nothing
strange
novel
kind
punishment
fact
one
oldest
forms
governmental
punishment
known
mankind
branding
pillory
ostracism
subjection
public
hatred
examples
anything
strange
reviewing
power
congressional
committee
inflict
punishment
nullified
action
house
representatives
sentencing
witness
jail
failing
answer
questions
congressional
committee
kilbourn
thompson
held
committee
investigation
jay
cooke
bankruptcy
seeking
exercise
judicial
power
emphatically
said
committee
seems
proof
activities
committee
undertaking
purely
judicial
function
overwhelming
far
stronger
fact
jay
cooke
investigation
moreover
concerned
business
transactions
freedom
association
activities
committee
created
immediately
conceived
function
grand
scale
one
ferreting
subversives
especially
removed
government
jobs
made
many
reports
house
urging
removal
employees
finally
instigation
committee
house
put
rider
appropriation
bill
bar
three
government
workers
collecting
salaries
house
action
based
committee
findings
three
employees
member
associated
organizations
deemed
undesirable
views
philosophies
workers
expressed
various
statements
writings
constitute
subversive
activity
within
definition
adopted
committee
therefore
unfit
present
continue
government
employment
senate
president
agreed
rider
though
without
protest
held
statute
void
bill
attainder
lovett
stating
effect
inflict
punishment
without
safeguards
judicial
trial
done
either
state
even
lovett
holding
however
committee
continued
view
agency
government
power
exposure
work
unceasingly
sincerely
identify
expose
suspected
communists
subversives
order
eliminate
virtually
fields
employment
well
succeeded
declared
program
pitiless
publicity
exposure
matter
public
record
enough
cite
experience
man
masqueraded
communist
reported
committee
since
membership
became
known
unable
hold
job
accomplish
kind
result
committee
called
witnesses
suspected
communist
affiliation
subjected
severe
questioning
insisted
tell
name
every
person
ever
known
time
communist
possible
give
addresses
occupations
people
named
names
indexed
published
reported
congress
often
press
technique
employed
cripple
job
opportunities
strongly
criticize
committee
take
actions
deems
undesirable
thus
committee
reported
indexed
printed
names
people
signed
communist
petitions
one
kind
another
committee
punish
exposure
many
phases
activities
reports
reached
legislation
administrative
action
agency
government
course
includes
courts
intent
expose
punish
manifest
committee
investigation
led
barenblatt
conviction
declared
purpose
investigation
identify
people
michigan
individuals
responsible
alleged
communist
success
committee
claimed
investigation
uncovered
members
communist
party
holding
positions
school
systems
michigan
teachers
subpoenaed
committee
refused
answer
questions
ground
might
result
teachers
lost
jobs
stated
committee
activities
approves
action
similarly
result
michigan
investigation
committee
called
upon
american
labor
unions
amend
constitutions
necessary
order
deny
membership
communist
party
member
course
prevent
many
workers
getting
holding
kind
jobs
particular
skills
qualified
today
barely
mentions
statements
especially
read
context
past
reports
committee
show
unmistakably
committee
understand
reports
deemed
relevant
determination
congressional
intent
investigate
communism
education
irrelevant
finding
congressional
intent
bring
exposure
sake
purposes
punishment
question
committee
patriotism
sincerity
merely
feel
done
congress
constitution
even
assuming
federal
government
compel
witnesses
testify
communist
affiliations
order
subject
ridicule
social
economic
retaliation
agree
legislative
function
publicity
clearly
punishment
constitution
allows
one
way
people
convicted
punished
said
lovett
wrote
constitution
well
knew
danger
inherent
special
legislative
acts
take
away
life
liberty
property
particular
named
persons
legislature
thinks
guilty
conduct
deserves
punishment
intended
safeguard
people
country
punishment
without
trial
duly
constituted
courts
italics
added
thus
communism
made
crime
communists
subjected
pains
penalties
still
hold
conviction
bad
crime
communism
like
others
punished
jury
trial
judicial
safeguards
answer
suggest
legislative
committees
allowed
punish
grant
accused
rules
courtesy
allow
counsel
constitution
proscribes
bills
attainder
state
nation
merely
lack
counsel
courtesy
founders
believed
punishment
serious
matter
entrusted
group
independent
judiciary
jury
twelve
men
acting
previously
passed
unambiguous
laws
procedural
safeguards
put
constitution
essential
fair
trial
safeguards
included
right
counsel
compulsory
process
witnesses
specific
indictments
confrontation
accusers
well
protection
double
jeopardy
cruel
unusual
punishment
short
due
process
law
cf
chambers
florida
believed
long
worthy
men
deprived
liberties
indeed
lives
parliamentary
trials
without
safeguards
memory
one
john
lilburne
banished
disgraced
parliamentary
committee
penalty
death
returned
country
particularly
vivid
constitution
written
attack
trials
committees
warning
done
unto
one
may
done
unto
every
one
part
history
times
moved
wrote
constitution
determine
arbitrary
punishments
ever
occur
protection
arbitrary
punishments
right
judicial
trial
safeguards
years
distinguished
america
lands
drumhead
courts
similar
tribunals
deprive
weak
unorthodox
life
liberty
property
without
due
process
law
right
denied
barenblatt
today
fails
see
see
exposure
punishment
aim
committee
reason
existence
deny
ignore
committee
claims
reports
issued
ever
since
established
believe
nature
judicial
office
requires
us
blind
must
conclude
activities
committee
identification
exposure
communists
suspected
communists
like
activities
committee
kilbourn
thompson
amount
encroachment
judiciary
bodes
ill
liberties
people
land
ultimately
questions
case
really
boil
one
whether
people
try
fearfully
futilely
preserve
democracy
adopting
totalitarian
methods
whether
accordance
traditions
constitution
confidence
courage
free
reverse
conviction
appendix
opinion
justice
black
dissenting
random
selection
statements
house
activities
committee
exposure
punishment
subversives
inform
american
people
activities
organizations
real
purpose
house
committee
purpose
committee
task
protecting
constitutional
democracy
turning
light
pitiless
publicity
organizations
sess
first
exposure
committee
undertook
summer
bund
organizations
greatly
crippled
result
exposures
american
youth
congress
enjoyed
considerable
prestige
today
many
distinguished
former
sponsors
refuse
found
company
kept
spotlight
publicity
focused
upon
american
youth
congress
today
clear
spite
degree
participation
activities
many
fine
young
people
never
core
anything
less
tool
moscow
committee
agency
government
power
exposure
many
phases
activities
reached
legislation
administrative
action
believe
committee
shown
fearless
exposure
answer
sess
investigation
shown
steady
barrage
congress
comes
new
republic
one
whose
editors
recently
forced
government
job
exposure
communist
activities
sess
house
committee
activities
empowered
explore
expose
activities
individuals
organizations
sometimes
legal
nonetheless
inimical
american
concepts
committee
recommends
congress
discharge
employee
official
federal
government
whose
loyalty
found
doubt
sess
index
persons
organizations
six
pages
names
follow
sess
early
committee
adopted
following
eight
point
program
expose
ferret
communists
communist
sympathizers
federal
government
spotlight
spectacle
communists
american
labor
sense
storm
opposition
activities
committee
tribute
achievements
field
exposure
report
committee
activities
house
representatives
committee
print
committee
like
remind
congress
work
part
continuity
effort
began
august
committee
also
like
recall
time
years
ever
wavered
relentless
pursuit
exposure
course
investigations
committee
made
available
large
completely
indexed
readily
accessible
reference
collection
lists
signers
communist
party
election
petitions
sess
conduct
expose
necessary
investigative
staff
interview
persons
tedious
investigation
details
necessary
prior
successful
exposure
territory
hawaii
result
investigation
hearings
held
committee
dolivet
contract
nations
renewed
committee
understanding
removed
editorship
nations
world
sess
committee
hearings
disclosed
positive
identification
individuals
preceding
year
communism
hollywood
mythical
committee
conducted
three
investigations
bring
industry
certainly
accomplish
committee
investigation
concerned
almost
entirely
problem
exposure
actual
members
communist
party
deal
except
instances
fellow
travelers
question
fellow
travelers
suffice
say
time
come
even
fellow
traveler
must
get
struik
identified
communist
teacher
nevertheless
permitted
teach
year
individuals
like
struik
teaching
leading
universities
committee
wonders
professor
struiks
led
alger
hiss
along
road
communism
sess
annual
report
committee
feels
congress
american
people
much
clearer
fuller
picture
set
forth
names
possible
positions
occupied
individuals
identified
communists
former
communists
past
year
committee
considers
failure
certain
rid
communists
national
disgrace
following
persons
identified
approximately
fifty
pages
names
follow
sess
similar
lists
found
various
reports
focal
point
investigation
general
area
education
individual
identified
question
asked
purpose
served
disclosure
names
individuals
may
long
ago
left
conspiracy
committee
way
knowing
status
membership
present
placed
oath
information
sought
elicited
sess
bills
attainder
among
measures
explicitly
forbidden
state
federal
governments
body
constitution
art
cl
bill
attainder
ex
post
facto
law
shall
passed
art
cl
reads
part
state
shall
pass
bill
attainder
ex
post
facto
law
lanzetta
new
jersey
winters
new
york
jordan
de
george
watkins
flaxer
scull
virginia
see
herndon
lowry
winters
new
york
watkins
scull
virginia
thornhill
alabama
cf
herndon
lowry
rule
xi
relevant
part
reads
committee
activities
whole
subcommittee
authorized
make
time
time
investigations
extent
character
objects
propaganda
activities
diffusion
within
subversive
propaganda
instigated
foreign
countries
domestic
origin
attacks
principle
form
government
guaranteed
constitution
questions
relation
thereto
aid
congress
necessary
remedial
legislation
res
cong
rec
see
also
res
cong
see
panama
refining
ryan
schechter
poultry
concurring
opinion
berra
dissenting
opinion
watkins
sweezy
new
hampshire
cf
rumely
kent
dulles
cases
show
considered
legislative
measures
involved
doubtful
constitutionality
substantively
required
explicit
delegations
power
course
answer
barenblatt
claim
rule
xi
vague
say
vague
held
watkins
strange
rule
indeed
imply
invalidity
broad
ground
decision
fact
decided
earlier
case
narrower
basis
first
amendment
reads
congress
shall
make
law
respecting
establishment
religion
prohibiting
free
exercise
thereof
abridging
freedom
speech
press
right
people
peaceably
assemble
petition
government
redress
grievances
doubt
amendment
protects
right
keep
silent
see
west
virginia
board
education
barnette
alabama
sweezy
new
hampshire
concurring
opinion
watkins
scull
virginia
cf
rumely
understand
opinion
watkins
approve
type
balancing
process
adopted
opinion
discuss
case
weight
ascribed
interest
congress
demanding
disclosures
unwilling
witness
read
still
read
discussion
problem
watkins
referring
problems
raised
kilbourn
thompson
held
legislative
committees
make
roving
inquiries
private
business
affairs
witnesses
kilbourn
held
courts
must
careful
insure
balance
congress
unjustifiably
encroach
individual
private
business
affairs
needless
say
individual
right
silence
matters
quite
different
thing
public
interest
freedom
speech
test
applicable
one
little
anything
test
applicable
annals
cong
italics
supplied
greater
importance
safeguarding
community
incitements
overthrow
institutions
force
violence
imperative
need
preserve
inviolate
constitutional
rights
free
speech
free
press
free
assembly
order
maintain
opportunity
free
political
discussion
end
government
may
responsive
people
changes
desired
may
obtained
peaceful
means
therein
lies
security
republic
foundation
constitutional
government
de
jonge
oregon
cf
statement
sir
richard
nagle
presenting
bill
attainder
two
three
thousand
persons
political
offenses
many
persons
attainted
said
proved
traitors
evidence
satisfies
us
rest
followed
common
fame
cited
joint
committee
mcgrath
concurring
opinion
see
hearings
senate
committee
judiciary
sess
see
also
hearings
subcommittee
legislation
house
committee
activities
sess
hearings
subcommittee
legislation
committee
activities
sess
statement
relied
honorable
thomas
dewey
candidate
presidency
speech
given
portland
oregon
may
dewey
went
say
opposing
outlawry
communist
party
violation
constitution
bill
rights
clearly
immoral
nothing
totalitarianism
know
great
many
years
experience
enforcement
law
proposal
work
instead
rapidly
advance
cause
communism
world
american
way
job
perfectly
simple
american
way
outlawing
every
conceivable
act
subversion
times
grave
try
expedients
fail
expedient
failed
expedient
outlawing
failed
russia
failed
europe
failed
italy
failed
canada
let
us
make
terrific
blunder
let
us
go
forward
free
americans
let
us
courage
free
xiv
vital
speeches
day
italics
supplied
hearings
subcommittee
legislation
committee
activities
sess
compare
statement
john
lilburne
done
unto
one
may
done
unto
every
one
note
infra
doc
sess
lists
laws
relating
communist
party
ballot
see
also
fund
republic
digest
public
record
communism
discussion
state
laws
requiring
minimum
percentage
votes
cast
remain
ballot
see
note
yale
see
loyalty
tests
guilt
association
harv
rev
significantly
action
new
york
assembly
strongly
condemned
charles
evans
hughes
former
associate
justice
later
chief
justice
see
generally
mccarthy
antimasonic
party
study
political
antimasonry
doc
sess
nye
william
lloyd
garrison
korngold
two
friends
man
cf
george
tucker
appendix
blackstone
tucker
ed
discussing
english
laws
suppressing
assemblies
pointing
similar
laws
enacted
constitution
ames
laocoon
printed
works
fisher
ames
ed
see
also
american
communications
assn
douds
dissenting
opinion
cf
mill
liberty
ed
criticizing
laws
restricting
right
advocate
tyrannicide
cf
george
tucker
appendix
blackstone
commentaries
tucker
ed
judicial
courts
respective
open
persons
alike
redress
injuries
nature
libel
genius
government
permit
federal
legislature
interfere
subject
federal
courts
presume
equally
restrained
principles
constitution
amendments
since
adopted
record
case
indicates
easily
restrictions
spread
testimony
one
witness
organization
known
americans
democratic
action
mentioned
despite
testimony
organization
admit
communists
one
member
committee
insisted
communist
front
followed
party
line
almost
identical
many
particulars
communist
party
line
presumably
accusation
repeated
frequently
loudly
enough
organization
also
called
criminal
gang
cf
feiner
new
york
dissenting
opinions
see
generally
xii
encyclopedia
social
sciences
barnes
story
punishment
lowie
primitive
society
andrews
punishments
ed
iv
plutarch
lives
clough
new
nat
ed
first
report
stated
committee
felt
sworn
duty
solemn
obligation
people
country
focus
spotlight
publicity
upon
every
individual
organization
engaged
subversive
activities
regardless
politics
partisanship
claimed
congress
power
deny
citizens
right
believe
teach
advocate
communism
fascism
nazism
right
focus
spotlight
publicity
upon
activities
sess
see
also
statement
committee
first
chairman
position
say
whether
legislate
effectively
reference
matter
know
exposure
democracy
subversive
activities
effective
weapon
possession
cong
rec
see
sess
september
chairman
committee
wrote
president
letter
accompanied
exhibits
detailing
communist
affiliation
background
following
officials
suggested
dismissed
positions
november
chairman
called
attention
members
case
principal
economist
department
agriculture
january
chairman
committee
called
attention
one
malcolm
cowley
several
weeks
later
cowley
resigned
position
federal
government
march
chairman
wrote
letter
chairman
board
economic
welfare
called
attention
eight
employees
made
particular
reference
one
maurice
parmelee
following
week
parmelee
dismissed
chairman
speech
september
also
presented
house
names
officials
government
yet
committee
knowledge
action
taken
cases
officials
section
urgent
deficiency
appropriation
act
stat
history
rider
detailed
lovett
see
sess
activities
committee
actually
undertake
trials
government
employees
task
fell
special
subcommittee
committee
appropriations
created
response
speech
chairman
activities
committee
virtually
every
report
committee
emphasizes
principal
function
exposure
exposed
subversives
must
driven
space
however
prevents
listing
random
sampling
statements
committee
given
appendix
opinion
post
similar
statements
committee
members
see
notes
supra
infra
watkins
josephson
dissenting
opinion
barsky
app
dissenting
opinion
evidence
given
committee
may
chicago
ill
yet
published
even
committee
wish
injure
often
hurt
tactics
effect
investigations
brought
attention
committee
many
persons
subpenaed
subjected
ridicule
discrimination
result
received
subpenas
committee
met
many
obstacles
difficulties
least
reluctance
former
communists
give
testimony
committee
might
bring
upon
public
censure
economic
retaliation
deny
cooperative
witnesses
full
opportunity
social
economic
political
rehabilitation
render
difficult
obtaining
authentic
information
sess
italics
added
american
people
fortunate
testimony
witnesses
instances
come
committee
attention
several
witnesses
forced
gainful
employment
testifying
released
employment
competently
held
years
prior
testimony
sess
descriptions
size
availability
committee
files
well
efficiency
system
found
reports
see
sess
sess
sess
impossible
even
begin
catalogue
people
stigmatized
committee
criticizing
committee
reported
henry
luce
time
magazine
drawn
movement
alter
form
government
sess
harold
laski
socialists
generally
attacked
impertinence
suggesting
trade
system
free
economy
brand
socialism
committee
deemed
imperative
ascertain
methods
used
enable
laski
broadcast
rally
sess
full
report
issued
communist
lobby
committee
formed
urge
defeat
communist
control
bill
congress
among
distinguished
sponsors
group
listed
committee
late
zechariah
chafee
committee
nevertheless
advised
american
public
individuals
knowingly
actively
support
propaganda
outlet
actually
aiding
abetting
communist
program
sess
see
also
gellhorn
report
report
house
committee
activities
harv
rev
sess
hearings
set
committee
order
demonstrate
people
michigan
fields
concentration
communist
party
michigan
area
identity
individuals
responsible
success
sess
committee
activities
calls
upon
american
labor
movement
amend
constitutions
necessary
order
deny
membership
member
communist
party
group
dedicates
destruction
america
way
life
ibid
sincerity
patriotism
unfortunately
insure
unconstitutional
acts
indeed
lamentable
tragic
deaths
history
instigated
able
patriotic
sincere
men
see
generally
mill
liberty
ed
certainly
denied
really
offender
breach
law
made
published
fact
due
process
law
verdict
men
thereof
convict
found
guilty
crime
unto
law
also
hath
prescribed
punishment
agreeable
fundamental
liberty
enjoineth
freeman
england
adjudged
life
limb
liberty
estate
juries
freedom
parliaments
ages
contended
preserve
violation
birthright
chief
inheritance
people
may
appear
remarkably
petition
right
stiled
excellent
law
therefore
trust
upon
second
thoughts
parliament
england
far
bereaving
us
never
forfeited
right
native
right
way
trials
juries
done
unto
one
may
done
unto
every
one
preserve
entire
us
posterity
encroachments
innovate
upon
believed
cause
time
either
first
last
admitted
trial
law
passed
way
verdict
twelve
sworn
men
trouble
inconveniences
arising
thereupon
prevented
way
determination
major
votes
committees
neither
certain
satisfactory
case
way
juries
benefit
challenges
exceptions
unanimous
consent
essential
privileges
latter
whereas
committees
tied
rules
liberty
present
absent
pleasure
besides
juries
birthright
new
temporary
men
humbly
conceive
ever
acquiesce
one
whence
altogether
much
wondered
upon
dissatisfactions
frequent
printing
men
cases
dealings
committees
harsh
inordinate
heats
expressions
parties
interested
sudden
importunate
appeals
authority
indeed
alike
true
english
road
leading
nothing
trouble
perplexity
breeding
hatred
enmities
worthy
families
affronts
disgust
persons
public
affection
interest
rejoicing
none
public
adversaries
many
inconveniences
avoided
referring
cases
usual
trials
final
determinations
law
howell
state
trials
statement
john
lilburne
mr
reverse
conviction
sufficient
state
complete
agreement
brother
black
purpose
investigation
barenblatt
revealed
record
except
exposure
purely
sake
exposure
purpose
barenblatt
rights
first
amendment
validly
subordinated
investigation
processes
submerged
entirely
exposure
individual
behavior
adjudication
sort
exposure
process
outside
constitutional
pale
congressional
inquiry
watkins
see
also
sweezy
new
hampshire
naacp
alabama
uphaus
wyman
ante
dissenting
opinion