fashion
originators
guild
federal
trade
argued
february
decided
march
amended
mar
charles
rugg
boston
milton
weisman
new
york
city
petitioners
francis
biddle
sol
respondent
justice
black
delivered
opinion
circuit
appeals
modifications
challenged
affirmed
federal
trade
commission
decree
ordering
petitioners
cease
desist
certain
practices
found
done
combination
constitute
methods
competition
tending
monopoly
determination
correctness
decision
requires
consideration
sherman
clayton
federal
trade
commission
acts
members
combination
design
manufacture
sell
distribute
women
dresses
others
manufacturers
converters
dyers
textiles
garments
made
fashion
originators
guild
america
foga
organization
controlled
groups
instrument
petitioners
work
accomplish
purposes
condemned
commission
garment
manufacturers
claim
creators
original
distinctive
designs
fashionable
clothes
women
textile
manufacturers
claim
creators
similar
original
fabric
designs
designs
enter
channels
trade
manufacturers
systematically
make
sell
copies
copies
usually
selling
prices
lower
garments
copied
petitioners
call
practice
copying
unethical
immoral
give
name
piracy
although
admit
creations
neither
copyrighted
patented
indeed
assert
existing
legislation
affords
protection
copyists
nevertheless
urge
sale
copied
designs
constitutes
unfair
trade
practice
tortious
invasion
rights
alleged
wrongs
petitioners
continuing
compete
one
another
many
respects
combined
among
combat
possible
destroy
competition
sale
garments
copies
creations
admit
destroy
competition
combination
purposely
boycotted
declined
sell
products
retailers
follow
policy
selling
garments
copied
manufacturers
designs
put
guild
members
result
efforts
approximately
retailers
throughout
country
signed
agreements
guild
boycott
program
half
signed
agreements
constrained
threats
guild
members
sell
retailers
failed
yield
carried
guild
practice
placing
red
cards
names
noncooperators
sales
made
placing
white
cards
names
cooperators
sales
made
distributing
sets
cards
manufacturers
one
hundred
manufacturers
women
garments
members
guild
occupy
commanding
position
line
business
sold
women
garments
wholesaling
power
combination
great
competition
demand
consuming
public
make
necessary
retail
dealers
stock
products
manufacturers
power
combination
made
even
greater
reason
affiliation
members
national
federation
textiles
organization
composed
one
hundred
textile
manufacturers
converters
dyers
printers
silk
rayon
used
making
women
garments
members
federation
affiliated
guild
agreed
sell
products
garment
manufacturers
turn
agreed
sell
cooperating
retailers
guild
maintains
design
registration
bureau
garments
textile
federation
maintains
similar
bureau
textiles
guild
employs
visit
stores
cooperating
cooperating
retailers
purpose
examining
stocks
determine
report
whether
contain
copies
registered
designs
elaborate
system
trial
appellate
tribunals
exists
determination
whether
given
garment
fact
copy
guild
member
design
order
assure
success
plan
registration
restraint
ascertain
whether
guild
regulations
violated
guild
audits
members
books
violations
guild
requirements
discovered
example
sales
retailers
violators
subject
heavy
fines
addition
elements
agreement
set
relate
less
closely
competition
style
copyists
guild
undertaken
many
things
apparently
independent
distinct
fight
copying
among
following
combination
prohibits
members
participating
retail
advertising
regulates
discount
may
allow
prohibits
selling
retail
cooperates
local
guilds
regulating
days
upon
special
sales
shall
held
prohibits
members
selling
women
garments
persons
conduct
businesses
residences
residential
quarters
hotels
apartment
houses
denies
benefits
membership
retailers
participate
dress
manufacturers
promoting
fashion
shows
unless
merchandise
used
actually
purchased
delivered
purpose
practice
combination
garment
manufacturers
affiliates
runs
counter
public
policy
declared
sherman
clayton
acts
federal
trade
commission
power
suppress
unfair
method
competition
findings
commission
concluded
petitioners
understandings
arrangements
agreements
combinations
conspiracies
entered
jointly
severally
prevented
sales
interstate
commerce
lessened
hindered
suppressed
competition
tended
create
monopoly
paragraph
clayton
act
declares
shall
unlawful
person
engaged
commerce
make
sale
contract
sale
goods
condition
agreement
understanding
purchaser
thereof
shall
use
deal
goods
competitor
competitors
seller
effect
sale
contract
sale
may
substantially
lessen
competition
tend
create
monopoly
line
commerce
relevance
section
clayton
act
petitioners
scheme
shown
fact
scheme
bottomed
upon
system
sale
textiles
shall
sold
garment
manufacturers
upon
condition
understanding
buyers
use
deal
textiles
copied
designs
textile
manufacturing
guild
members
garment
manufacturers
shall
sell
retailers
upon
condition
understanding
retailers
shall
use
deal
copied
designs
federal
trade
commission
concluded
language
clayton
act
understandings
substantially
lessened
competition
tended
create
monopoly
hold
commission
upon
adequate
unchallenged
findings
correctly
concluded
practice
constituted
unfair
method
competition
plan
respects
discussed
thus
conflict
principles
clayton
act
findings
commission
bring
petitioners
combination
entirety
well
within
inhibition
policies
declared
sherman
act
section
act
makes
illegal
every
contract
combination
conspiracy
restraint
trade
commerce
among
several
section
makes
illegal
every
combination
conspiracy
monopolizes
attempts
monopolize
part
trade
commerce
sherman
act
combination
law
trade
national
cotton
oil
texas
among
many
respects
guild
plan
runs
contrary
policy
sherman
act
narrows
outlets
garment
textile
manufacturers
sell
sources
retailers
buy
montague
lowry
standard
sanitary
manufacturing
subjects
retailers
manufacturers
decline
comply
guild
program
organized
boycott
eastern
retail
lumber
dealers
association
takes
away
freedom
action
members
requiring
reveal
guild
intimate
details
individual
affairs
american
linseed
oil
necessary
tendency
purpose
effect
direct
suppression
competition
sale
unregistered
textiles
copied
designs
american
linseed
oil
supra
addition
combination
reality
agency
prescribes
rules
regulation
restraint
interstate
commerce
provides
judicial
tribunals
determination
punishment
violations
thus
upon
power
national
legislature
violates
statute
addyston
pipe
steel
determinative
considering
policy
sherman
act
petitioners
may
yet
achieved
complete
monopoly
sufficient
really
tends
end
deprive
public
advantages
flow
free
competition
knight
addyston
pipe
steel
fact
one
hopes
sponsored
federal
trade
commission
act
effect
might
prophylactic
attempts
bring
complete
monopolization
industry
might
stopped
incipiency
petitioners
however
argue
combination
contrary
policy
sherman
clayton
acts
since
federal
trade
commission
find
combination
fixed
regulated
prices
parcelled
limited
production
brought
deterioration
quality
action
falling
three
categories
exhaust
types
conduct
banned
sherman
clayton
acts
previously
pointed
object
federal
trade
commission
act
reach
merely
fruition
also
incipiency
combinations
lead
trade
restraints
practices
deemed
undesirable
case
commission
found
combination
exercised
sufficient
control
power
women
garments
textile
businesses
exclude
industry
manufacturers
distributors
conform
rules
regulations
said
respondents
thus
tend
create
monopoly
said
industries
conspiracy
fix
prices
illegal
intent
increase
prices
essential
conduct
amounting
violation
policy
sherman
clayton
acts
monopoly
contrary
policies
exist
even
though
combination
may
temporarily
even
permanently
reduce
price
articles
manufactured
sold
said
commerce
circumstances
may
nevertheless
badly
unfortunately
restrained
driving
business
small
dealers
worthy
men
whose
lives
spent
therein
might
unable
readjust
altered
surroundings
mere
reduction
price
commodity
dealt
might
dearly
paid
ruin
class
absorption
control
one
commodity
allpowerful
combination
capital
petitioners
argue
boycott
restraint
interstate
trade
within
ban
policies
sherman
clayton
acts
practices
foga
reasonable
necessary
protect
manufacturer
laborer
retailer
consumer
devastating
evils
growing
pirating
original
designs
fact
benefited
four
commission
declined
hear
much
evidence
petitioners
desired
offer
subject
pointed
however
aim
petitioners
combination
intentional
destruction
one
type
manufacture
sale
competed
guild
members
purpose
object
combination
potential
power
tendency
monopoly
coercion
practice
upon
rival
method
competition
brought
within
policy
prohibition
declared
sherman
clayton
acts
reason
principles
announced
appalachian
coals
sugar
institute
application
circumstances
error
refuse
hear
evidence
offered
reasonableness
methods
pursued
combination
accomplish
unlawful
object
material
reasonableness
prices
fixed
unlawful
combination
cf
thomsen
cayser
trenton
potteries
oil
unlawful
combination
justified
upon
argument
systematic
copying
dress
designs
tortious
declared
us
first
place
whether
given
conduct
tortious
question
state
law
decision
erie
railroad
tompkins
second
place
even
copying
acknowledged
tort
law
every
state
situation
justify
petitioners
combining
together
regulate
restrain
interstate
commerce
violation
federal
law
reasons
principles
declared
international
news
service
associated
press
serve
legalize
petitioners
unlawful
combination
decision
accordingly
affirmed
footnotes
inconsistency
holding
first
circuit
appeals
wm
filene
sons
fashion
originators
guild
america
granted
certiorari
stat
et
et
seq
stat
et
et
seq
stat
et
et
seq
one
instance
fine
imposed
guild
notified
membership
fine
assessed
case
future
violation
federal
trade
commission
packing
see
stat
et
et
seq
stat
et
et
seq
stat
et
et
seq
stat
federal
trade
commission
expressly
given
authority
enforce
clayton
act
cf
federal
trade
commission
keppel
standard
fashion
houston
federal
trade
commission
raladam
see
remarks
senator
cummins
chairman
committee
reported
bill
quoted
brandeis
federal
trade
commission
gratz
freight
association