miller
johnson
argued
april
decided
june
together
abrams
et
al
johnson
et
johnson
et
also
appeal
shaw
reno
articulated
equal
protection
principles
govern
state
drawing
congressional
districts
noting
laws
explicitly
distinguish
individuals
racial
grounds
fall
within
core
equal
protection
clause
prohibition
decisionmaking
prohibition
extends
laws
neutral
face
unexplainable
grounds
race
redistricting
legislation
bizarre
face
unexplainable
grounds
race
demands
strict
scrutiny
given
state
laws
classify
citizens
race
georgia
recent
congressional
districting
plan
contains
three
districts
adopted
justice
department
refused
preclear
voting
rights
act
act
two
earlier
plans
contained
two
districts
appellees
voters
new
eleventh
district
joins
metropolitan
black
neighborhoods
together
poor
black
populace
coastal
areas
miles
away
challenged
district
ground
racial
gerrymander
violation
equal
protection
clause
interpreted
shaw
district
agreed
holding
evidence
state
legislature
purpose
well
district
irregular
borders
showed
race
overriding
predominant
force
districting
determination
assumed
compliance
act
compelling
interest
found
plan
narrowly
tailored
meet
interest
since
act
require
three
districts
held
georgia
congressional
redistricting
plan
violates
equal
protection
clause
pp
page
ii
parties
alleging
state
assigned
voters
basis
race
neither
confined
proof
evidence
regarding
district
geometry
makeup
required
make
threshold
showing
bizarreness
district
shape
relevant
shaw
equal
protection
analysis
bizarreness
necessary
element
constitutional
wrong
threshold
requirement
proof
may
persuasive
circumstantial
evidence
race
sake
districting
principles
legislature
dominant
controlling
rationale
drawing
district
lines
exceptional
cases
reapportionment
plan
may
highly
irregular
face
rationally
understood
anything
effort
segregate
voters
based
race
district
bizarre
parties
may
rely
evidence
establish
districting
stereotypical
assumptions
equal
protection
clause
forbids
underlie
argument
clause
general
proscription
decisionmaking
obtain
districting
context
redistricting
involves
racial
consideration
redistricting
usually
implicates
political
calculus
various
interests
compete
recognition
follow
individuals
race
share
single
political
interest
analysis
used
assess
vote
dilution
claim
jewish
organizations
williamsburgh
carey
applied
resuscitate
argument
pp
courts
must
exercise
extraordinary
caution
adjudicating
claims
state
drawn
district
lines
plaintiff
must
show
whether
circumstantial
evidence
district
shape
demographics
direct
evidence
legislative
purpose
race
predominant
factor
motivating
legislature
decision
place
significant
number
voters
within
without
district
make
showing
plaintiff
must
prove
legislature
subordinated
traditional
districting
principles
including
limited
compactness
contiguity
respect
political
subdivisions
communities
defined
actual
shared
interests
racial
considerations
pp
district
applied
correct
analysis
finding
race
predominant
factor
motivating
eleventh
district
drawing
clearly
erroneous
need
decided
whether
district
shape
standing
alone
sufficient
establish
district
unexplainable
grounds
race
considerable
additional
evidence
showing
state
legislature
motivated
predominant
overriding
desire
create
third
district
order
comply
justice
department
preclearance
demands
district
finding
justified
rejection
various
alternative
explanations
offered
district
appellants
refute
claim
racial
gerrymandering
arguing
legislature
complied
traditional
districting
principles
since
factors
subordinated
racial
objectives
tangible
communities
interest
spanning
page
iii
district
hundreds
miles
called
upon
rescue
plan
since
race
predominant
overriding
factor
behind
eleventh
district
drawing
state
plan
subject
strict
scrutiny
sustained
narrowly
tailored
achieve
compelling
state
interest
pp
significant
state
interest
eradicating
effects
past
racial
discrimination
little
doubt
georgia
true
interest
satisfy
justice
department
preclearance
demands
even
compliance
act
standing
alone
provide
compelling
interest
district
reasonably
necessary
constitutional
reading
application
act
say
plan
required
order
obtain
preclearance
say
required
act
substantive
requirements
georgia
two
earlier
plans
ameliorative
violated
unless
discriminated
basis
race
color
violate
constitution
however
instead
grounding
objections
evidence
discriminatory
purpose
justice
department
appears
driven
maximization
policy
utilizing
require
create
districts
whenever
possible
department
expanded
statutory
authority
beyond
congress
intent
insure
changes
made
lead
retrogression
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
policy
also
raises
serious
constitutional
concerns
implicit
command
may
engage
presumptive
unconstitutional
districting
brings
act
upheld
proper
exercise
congress
fifteenth
amendment
authority
tension
fourteenth
amendment
pp
kennedy
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
scalia
thomas
joined
filed
concurring
opinion
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
ginsburg
filed
dissenting
opinion
stevens
breyer
joined
souter
joined
except
part
miller
johnson
justice
kennedy
delivered
opinion
constitutionality
georgia
congressional
redistricting
plan
issue
shaw
reno
held
plaintiff
claim
equal
protection
clause
alleging
state
redistricting
plan
face
rational
explanation
save
effort
separate
voters
basis
race
question
decide
whether
georgia
new
eleventh
district
gives
rise
valid
equal
protection
claim
principles
announced
shaw
whether
sustained
nonetheless
narrowly
tailored
serve
compelling
governmental
interest
miller
johnson
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
provides
state
shall
deny
person
within
jurisdiction
equal
protection
laws
amdt
central
mandate
racial
neutrality
governmental
decisionmaking
see
loving
virginia
mclaughlin
florida
see
also
brown
board
education
though
application
imperative
raises
difficult
questions
basic
principle
straightforward
racial
ethnic
distinctions
sort
inherently
suspect
thus
call
exacting
judicial
examination
perception
racial
ethnic
distinctions
rooted
nation
constitutional
demographic
history
regents
univ
california
bakke
opinion
powell
rule
obtains
equal
force
regardless
race
burdened
benefited
particular
classification
richmond
croson
plurality
opinion
citations
omitted
scalia
concurring
judgment
agree
justice
conclusion
strict
scrutiny
must
applied
governmental
classification
race
see
also
adarand
constructors
pena
slip
bakke
supra
opinion
powell
laws
classifying
citizens
basis
race
upheld
unless
narrowly
tailored
achieving
compelling
state
interest
see
adarand
supra
slip
croson
supra
plurality
opinion
wygant
jackson
bd
plurality
opinion
shaw
reno
supra
recognized
equal
protection
principles
govern
state
drawing
congressional
districts
though
cautious
approach
discloses
application
principles
electoral
districting
delicate
task
analysis
began
premise
miller
johnson
aws
explicitly
distinguish
individuals
racial
grounds
fall
within
core
equal
protection
clause
prohibition
slip
prohibition
extends
explicit
racial
classifications
also
laws
neutral
face
unexplainable
grounds
race
slip
quoting
arlington
heights
metropolitan
housing
development
applying
basic
equal
protection
analysis
voting
rights
context
held
redistricting
legislation
bizarre
face
unexplainable
grounds
race
demands
close
scrutiny
give
state
law
classify
citizens
race
slip
quoting
arlington
heights
supra
case
requires
us
apply
principles
articulated
shaw
recent
congressional
redistricting
plan
enacted
state
georgia
attorney
general
designated
georgia
covered
jurisdiction
voting
rights
act
stat
amended
act
fed
reg
see
cfr
pt
app
see
also
city
rome
consequence
act
requires
georgia
obtain
either
administrative
preclearance
attorney
general
approval
district
district
columbia
change
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
made
november
preclearance
mechanism
applies
congressional
redistricting
plans
see
beer
requires
proposed
change
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
purpose
always
insure
changes
made
lead
retrogression
miller
johnson
position
racial
minorities
respect
effective
exercise
electoral
franchise
beer
supra
one
georgia
congressional
districts
district
majority
district
voters
black
decennial
census
indicated
georgia
population
persons
black
entitled
additional
eleventh
congressional
seat
app
prompting
georgia
general
assembly
redraw
state
congressional
districts
house
senate
adopted
redistricting
guidelines
among
things
required
districts
equal
population
contiguous
geography
nondilution
minority
voting
strength
fidelity
precinct
lines
possible
compliance
act
see
app
requirements
met
guidelines
permit
drafters
consider
ends
maintaining
integrity
political
subdivisions
preserving
core
existing
districts
avoiding
contests
incumbents
special
session
opened
august
general
assembly
submitted
congressional
redistricting
plan
attorney
general
preclearance
october
legislature
plan
contained
two
districts
fifth
eleventh
additional
district
second
blacks
comprised
voting
age
population
despite
plan
increase
number
districts
one
two
absence
evidence
intent
discriminate
minority
voters
supp
sd
department
justice
refused
preclearance
january
app
department
objection
letter
noted
concern
georgia
created
two
districts
proposed
plan
recognize
certain
minority
populations
placing
district
general
assembly
returned
drawing
board
new
plan
enacted
submitted
preclearance
miller
johnson
second
attempt
assigned
black
population
central
georgia
baldwin
county
eleventh
district
increased
black
populations
eleventh
fifth
second
districts
justice
department
refused
preclearance
relying
alternative
plans
proposing
three
districts
one
alternative
schemes
relied
department
plan
drafted
american
civil
liberties
union
aclu
general
assembly
black
caucus
key
aclu
plan
trade
dense
black
population
macon
region
transferred
eleventh
district
second
converting
second
district
eleventh
district
loss
black
population
offset
extending
eleventh
include
black
populations
savannah
pointing
general
assembly
refusal
enact
swap
law
justice
department
concluded
georgia
failed
explain
adequately
failure
create
third
district
app
state
seek
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
twice
spurned
general
assembly
set
create
three
districts
gain
preclearance
using
aclu
plan
benchmark
general
assembly
enacted
plan
bore
signs
justice
department
involvement
black
population
meriwether
county
gouged
third
district
attached
second
district
narrowest
land
bridges
effingham
chatham
counties
split
make
way
savannah
extension
split
city
savannah
plan
whole
split
counties
existing
congressional
districts
see
appendix
attached
miller
johnson
populations
eleventh
centered
around
four
discrete
widely
spaced
urban
centers
absolutely
nothing
stretch
district
hundreds
miles
across
rural
counties
narrow
swamp
corridors
omitted
dense
population
centers
approved
eleventh
district
periphery
district
case
atlanta
augusta
savannah
tied
sparsely
populated
rural
core
even
less
populated
land
bridges
extending
atlanta
atlantic
eleventh
covered
square
miles
splitting
eight
counties
five
municipalities
along
way
omitted
elections
held
new
congressional
redistricting
plan
november
black
candidates
miller
johnson
elected
congress
three
districts
january
appellees
five
white
voters
eleventh
district
filed
action
various
state
officials
miller
appellants
district
southern
district
georgia
residents
challenged
eleventh
district
appellees
standing
see
hays
slip
suit
alleged
georgia
eleventh
district
racial
gerrymander
violation
equal
protection
clause
interpreted
shaw
reno
convened
pursuant
number
georgia
residents
intervened
support
officials
majority
district
panel
agreed
eleventh
district
invalid
shaw
one
judge
dissenting
supp
sd
sharp
criticism
justice
department
use
partisan
advocates
dealings
state
officials
close
cooperation
aclu
vigorous
advocacy
minority
district
maximization
majority
turned
careful
interpretation
opinion
shaw
read
shaw
require
strict
scrutiny
whenever
race
overriding
predominant
force
redistricting
process
emphasis
omitted
citing
much
evidence
legislature
purpose
intent
creating
final
plan
well
irregular
shape
district
particular
several
appendages
drawn
obvious
purpose
putting
black
populations
district
found
race
overriding
predominant
force
districting
determination
proceeded
apply
strict
scrutiny
though
rejecting
proportional
representation
compelling
interest
willing
assume
compliance
voting
rights
act
compelling
interest
latter
however
found
act
require
three
districts
georgia
plan
reason
narrowly
tailored
goal
complying
miller
johnson
act
appellants
filed
notices
appeal
requested
stay
district
judgment
granted
pending
filing
disposition
appeals
case
miller
johnson
later
noted
probable
jurisdiction
see
ii
finding
evidence
general
assembly
intent
racially
gerrymander
eleventh
district
overwhelming
practically
stipulated
parties
involved
district
held
race
predominant
overriding
factor
drawing
eleventh
district
see
appellants
take
issue
factual
finding
racial
motivation
rather
contend
evidence
legislature
deliberate
classification
voters
basis
race
alone
suffice
state
claim
shaw
argue
regardless
legislature
purposes
plaintiff
must
demonstrate
district
shape
bizarre
unexplainable
basis
race
appellees
failed
make
showing
appellants
conception
constitutional
violation
misapprehends
holding
shaw
equal
protection
precedent
upon
shaw
relied
shaw
recognized
claim
analytically
distinct
vote
dilution
claim
slip
see
slip
whereas
vote
dilution
claim
alleges
state
enacted
particular
voting
scheme
purposeful
device
minimize
cancel
voting
potential
racial
ethnic
minorities
mobile
bolden
citing
cases
action
disadvantaging
voters
particular
race
essence
equal
protection
claim
recognized
shaw
state
used
race
basis
separating
voters
districts
state
may
absent
extraordinary
justification
segregate
citizens
basis
race
public
parks
new
orleans
miller
johnson
city
park
improvement
assn
detiege
per
curiam
buses
gayle
browder
per
curiam
golf
courses
holmes
atlanta
per
curiam
beaches
mayor
city
council
baltimore
dawson
per
curiam
schools
brown
supra
recognize
shaw
may
separate
citizens
different
voting
districts
basis
race
idea
simple
one
heart
constitution
guarantee
equal
protection
lies
simple
command
government
must
treat
citizens
individuals
simply
components
racial
religious
sexual
national
class
metro
broadcasting
fcc
dissenting
quoting
arizona
governing
comm
tax
deferred
annuity
deferred
compensation
plans
norris
cf
northeastern
chapter
associated
gen
contractors
america
jacksonville
slip
injury
fact
denial
equal
treatment
ultimate
inability
obtain
benefit
state
assigns
voters
basis
race
engages
offensive
demeaning
assumption
voters
particular
race
race
think
alike
share
political
interests
prefer
candidates
polls
shaw
supra
slip
see
metro
broadcasting
supra
kennedy
dissenting
assignments
embody
stereotypes
treat
individuals
product
race
evaluating
thoughts
efforts
worth
citizens
according
criterion
barred
government
history
constitution
metro
broadcasting
supra
dissenting
citation
omitted
see
powers
ohio
race
proxy
determining
juror
bias
competence
palmore
sidoti
classifying
persons
according
race
likely
reflect
racial
prejudice
legitimate
public
concerns
race
person
dictates
category
also
cause
society
serious
harm
miller
johnson
concluded
shaw
racial
classifications
respect
voting
carry
particular
dangers
racial
gerrymandering
even
remedial
purposes
may
balkanize
us
competing
racial
factions
threatens
carry
us
goal
political
system
race
longer
matters
goal
fourteenth
fifteenth
amendments
embody
nation
continues
aspire
reasons
districting
state
legislatures
demands
close
judicial
scrutiny
shaw
supra
slip
reasoning
shaw
compels
conclusion
recognized
shaw
outside
districting
context
miller
johnson
statutes
subject
strict
scrutiny
equal
protection
clause
contain
express
racial
classifications
also
though
race
neutral
face
motivated
racial
purpose
object
slip
rare
case
effect
government
action
pattern
unexplainable
grounds
race
ibid
quoting
arlington
heights
evidentiary
inquiry
relatively
easy
arlington
heights
supra
omitted
early
yick
wo
hopkins
recognized
laundry
permit
ordinance
administered
deliberate
way
exclude
chinese
laundry
business
gomillion
lightfoot
concluded
redrawing
tuskegee
alabama
municipal
boundaries
left
doubt
plan
designed
exclude
blacks
even
cases
however
presumed
racial
purpose
state
action
stark
manifestation
constitutional
violation
patterns
discrimination
conspicuous
rare
necessary
predicate
violation
equal
protection
clause
cf
arlington
heights
supra
absence
pattern
stark
yick
wo
gomillion
impact
alone
determinative
must
look
evidence
decisionmaking
arlington
heights
supra
footnotes
omitted
shaw
applied
principles
redistricting
exceptional
cases
reapportionment
plan
may
highly
irregular
face
rationally
understood
anything
effort
segregat
voters
basis
race
shaw
supra
slip
quoting
gomillion
supra
cases
district
bizarre
face
discloses
racial
design
proof
difficul
ibid
although
necessary
shaw
consider
proof
required
difficult
cases
logical
import
reasoning
evidence
district
bizarre
shape
used
support
claim
miller
johnson
appellants
amici
argue
equal
protection
clause
general
proscription
decisionmaking
obtain
districting
context
redistricting
definition
involves
racial
considerations
underlying
argument
stereotypical
assumptions
equal
protection
clause
forbids
true
redistricting
cases
implicate
political
calculus
various
interests
compete
recognition
follow
individuals
race
share
single
political
interest
view
based
demeaning
notion
members
defined
racial
groups
ascribe
certain
minority
views
must
different
citizens
metro
broadcasting
kennedy
dissenting
precise
use
race
proxy
constitution
prohibits
argument
districting
cases
excepted
standard
equal
protection
precepts
resuscitated
jewish
organizations
williamsburgh
carey
addressed
claim
new
york
violated
constitution
splitting
hasidic
jewish
community
order
include
additional
districts
explained
shaw
majority
justices
ujo
construed
complaint
stating
vote
dilution
claim
analysis
apply
claim
state
separated
voters
basis
race
slip
extent
opinions
highly
fractured
decision
slip
interpreted
suggesting
state
assignment
voters
basis
race
subject
anything
strictest
scrutiny
views
deemed
controlling
sum
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action
harms
come
message
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black
voters
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candidate
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successful
candidate
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interests
white
constituents
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purports
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quoting
shaw
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generalization
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miller
johnson
particular
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members
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plaintiffs
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prove
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vote
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gingles
claim
allows
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allege
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lines
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ability
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shaw
claim
analytically
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shaw
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shaw
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instant
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raises
shaw
injury
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white
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black
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white
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african
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protection
clause
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may
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race
public
parks
new
orleans
city
park
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assn
detiege
per
curiam
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gayle
browder
per
curiam
golf
courses
holmes
atlanta
per
curiam
beaches
mayor
city
council
baltimore
dawson
per
curiam
schools
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ante
equation
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miller
johnson
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desegregation
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black
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voter
black
white
may
live
eleventh
district
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view
respondents
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desegregation
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legal
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interest
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whites
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black
representatives
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voices
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debates
see
post
ginsburg
dissenting
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policy
designed
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adarand
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pena
ante
slip
stevens
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see
also
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georgia
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cf
allen
wright
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may
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miller
johnson
protection
constitution
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adopt
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footnotes
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time
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equal
dignity
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right
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city
council
chicago
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johnson
stevens
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miller
johnson
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ginsburg
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stevens
breyer
join
justice
souter
joins
except
part
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legislative
districting
highly
political
business
generally
respected
competence
state
legislatures
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recognized
need
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voting
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rank
discrimination
citizens
voters
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terms
ago
shaw
reno
took
claim
analytically
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slip
shaw
authorized
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intervention
extremely
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legislature
cast
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practices
consider
race
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miller
johnson
shaw
case
create
district
north
carolina
compose
majority
voters
today
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courts
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district
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ante
applying
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plan
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though
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imprint
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plan
dissent
miller
johnson
therefore
fact
georgia
general
assembly
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district
lines
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state
plan
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equal
protection
clause
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legislature
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today
say
said
many
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reapportionment
primarily
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state
legislature
body
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chapman
meier
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ante
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weiser
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legislatures
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fifteenth
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right
vote
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blacks
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people
shall
rule
negro
shall
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et
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georgia
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life
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primary
tantamount
election
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et
supra
early
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hoke
smith
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pass
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years
later
almost
miller
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mcdonald
et
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quoting
wardlaw
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change
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smith
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schnell
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wilson
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ensure
apportionment
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see
rogers
lodge
regester
wright
rockefeller
enacting
voting
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congress
heightened
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apportionment
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fashioned
role
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section
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federal
right
action
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vote
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section
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history
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preclear
changes
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practices
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federal
district
district
columbia
attorney
general
decisions
congressional
directions
significantly
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election
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georgia
miller
johnson
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refused
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plan
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district
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mack
wilson
chairman
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house
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ago
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dc
ii
shaw
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slip
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ity
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shaw
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setting
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north
carolina
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district
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miles
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districts
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one
state
legislator
remarked
drove
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doors
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kill
people
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post
apr
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line
drawn
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grofman
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cardozo
rev
internal
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shaw
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citations
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omitted
miller
johnson
contrast
north
carolina
district
inspected
shaw
georgia
eleventh
district
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slip
instead
eleventh
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districting
factors
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usual
political
process
compromise
trades
variety
nonracial
reasons
supp
sd
edmondson
dissenting
cf
ante
geometric
shape
eleventh
district
may
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face
district
covers
core
area
central
eastern
georgia
total
land
area
square
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state
defendant
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border
eleventh
district
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miles
line
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second
district
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state
eighth
district
border
running
miles
see
edmondson
dissenting
eleventh
district
disrespect
boundaries
miller
johnson
political
subdivisions
counties
district
intact
divided
see
joint
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puts
eleventh
district
state
average
divided
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contrast
sixth
district
counties
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fourth
district
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ibid
percent
eleventh
district
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borders
political
subdivisions
see
edmondson
dissenting
state
districts
score
worse
eleventh
district
criterion
score
better
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defendant
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percent
eleventh
district
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area
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intact
counties
average
state
congressional
districts
edmondson
dissenting
notably
eleventh
district
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follow
precinct
lines
miller
johnson
evidence
trial
similarly
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considerations
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district
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political
reason
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request
incumbent
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placement
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son
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white
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means
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port
wentworth
tr
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district
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without
reference
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techniques
tellingly
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among
statistically
calculated
list
bizarre
districts
study
prepared
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shaw
see
pildes
niemi
miller
johnson
although
attorney
general
refused
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first
two
plans
approved
georgia
legislature
state
thereby
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georgia
demanded
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instituting
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action
district
district
columbia
ultimate
review
instead
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avenue
state
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us
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documented
even
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study
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city
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johnson
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moynihan
beyond
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pot
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bonds
legislatures
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drawn
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lines
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cities
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districts
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ethnic
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erie
rainbow
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describing
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city
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twist
redistricting
task
times
pp
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francisco
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stone
goode
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washington
monthly
pp
discussing
law
ethnic
loyalty
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law
politics
identifying
predominantly
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wards
south
philadelphia
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los
angeles
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creation
ethnic
districts
reflecting
felt
identity
ordinarily
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included
delineation
miller
johnson
iii
miller
johnson
adopting
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apportionment
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groups
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shaw
miller
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majority
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politics
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racial
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forum
see
supra
equal
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white
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means
exert
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legislators
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state
legislatures
like
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miller
johnson
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history
designed
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need
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attorney
general
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preclearance
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political
actor
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congress
passed
doubt
aware
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cost
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majority
voters
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press
state
seek
judicial
review
attorney
general
refuses
preclear
plan
voters
favor
finally
act
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process
litigation
either
voting
rights
act
new
miller
standard
assured
plans
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safe
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judges
large
numbers
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fray
enlargement
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unwarranted
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plan
resulted
georgia
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merited
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accordingly
miller
johnson
dissent
georgia
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percent
black
johnson
miller
supp
sd
vote
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gomillion
lightfoot
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disenfranchised
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black
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inter
alia
right
vote
municipal
georgia
first
second
eighth
districts
total
area
square
miles
supp
sd
edmondson
dissenting
although
eleventh
district
comes
within
miles
crossing
entire
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georgia
ninth
district
spans
state
entire
northern
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second
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florida
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almost
middle
state
see
edmondson
dissenting
georgia
eighth
district
extended
even
farther
irregular
pattern
southeast
border
florida
nearly
atlanta
suburbs
see
app
first
district
intact
counties
parts
others
second
district
intact
counties
parts
others
third
district
intact
counties
parts
others
fifth
district
composed
parts
counties
seventh
district
intact
counties
part
county
eighth
district
intact
counties
parts
others
ninth
district
intact
counties
part
tenth
district
intact
counties
parts
others
see
joint
exh
sixth
district
scores
lowest
percent
boundaries
following
political
subdivision
lines
ninth
district
rates
highest
percent
defendant
exh
measure
districts
first
seventh
ninth
rate
higher
eleventh
district
excluding
fifth
sixth
districts
contain
intact
counties
scores
range
percent
fourth
district
percent
seventh
district
defendant
exh
turns
significance
fact
head
stating
boundaries
eleventh
indeed
follow
many
precinct
lines
meggers
designed
eleventh
district
along
racial
lines
race
data
accessible
precinct
level
ante
quoting
curious
comment
one
demur
yes
georgia
plan
considered
race
following
precinct
lines
altogether
proper
way
without
miller
johnson
disregarding
traditional
districting
practices
appendices
opinion
depict
respectively
proposed
eleventh
district
plan
georgia
current
congressional
districts
district
controversy
shaw
indeed
key
feature
ante
plan
placing
parts
savannah
eleventh
district
first
figured
proposal
adopted
georgia
senate
even
attorney
general
suggested
course
edmondson
dissenting
follow
precedent
directly
point
jewish
organizations
williamsburgh
carey
ujo
even
though
state
deliberately
used
race
purposeful
manner
create
districts
opinion
white
joined
rehnquist
stevens
jj
seven
eight
justices
participating
voted
uphold
state
plan
without
subjecting
strict
scrutiny
five
justices
specifically
agreed
intentional
creation
districts
give
rise
equal
protection
claim
absent
proof
districting
diluted
majority
voting
strength
see
ibid
opinion
white
joined
rehnquist
stevens
jj
stewart
concurring
judgment
joined
powell
ujo
best
understood
vote
dilution
case
petitioners
claim
ujo
state
violated
fourteenth
fifteenth
amendments
deliberately
revising
reapportionment
plan
along
racial
lines
opinion
white
joined
brennan
blackmun
stevens
jj
emphasis
added
petitioners
stated
argument
history
area
demonstrates
fact
reason
race
divide
community
time
quoting
brief
petitioners
emphasis
brief
petitioners
though
much
like
claim
shaw
ujo
claim
failed
ujo
district
adhered
traditional
districting
practices
see
opinion
white
joined
rehnquist
stevens
jj
miller
johnson
think
permissible
state
employing
sound
districting
principles
compactness
population
equality
creat
districts
afford
fair
representation
members
racial
groups
sufficiently
numerous
whose
residential
patterns
afford
opportunity
creating
districts
majority
emphasis
added
practices
state
may
elect
pursue
course
limited
may
required
pursue
see
voinovich
quilter
slip
ederal
courts
may
order
creation
districts
unless
necessary
remedy
violation
federal
law
mean
state
powers
similarly
limited
quite
opposite
true
citation
omitted
page