grayned
city
rockford
argued
january
decided
june
antipicketing
ordinance
virtually
identical
one
invalidated
violative
equal
protection
police
department
chicago
mosley
ante
likewise
invalid
antinoise
ordinance
prohibiting
person
grounds
adjacent
building
school
session
willfully
making
noise
diversion
disturbs
tends
disturb
peace
good
order
school
session
unconstitutionally
vague
overbroad
ordinance
vague
since
fair
warning
prohibits
actual
imminent
willful
interference
normal
school
activity
broad
invitation
discriminatory
enforcement
cox
louisiana
coates
cincinnati
distinguished
ordinance
overbroad
unduly
interfering
first
amendment
rights
since
expressive
activity
prohibited
materially
disrupts
classwork
tinker
des
moines
school
district
pp
affirmed
part
reversed
part
marshall
delivered
opinion
burger
brennan
stewart
white
powell
rehnquist
joined
blackmun
filed
statement
joining
judgment
part
opinion
concurring
result
part
ii
opinion
post
douglas
filed
opinion
dissenting
part
joining
part
opinion
post
sophia
hall
argued
cause
appellant
briefs
william
ming
aldus
mitchell
william
collins
argued
cause
appellee
brief
curtis
washburn
charles
thomas
justice
marshall
delivered
opinion
appellant
richard
grayned
convicted
part
demonstration
front
west
senior
high
school
rockford
illinois
negro
students
school
first
presented
grievances
school
administrators
principal
took
action
crucial
complaints
public
demonstration
protest
planned
april
approximately
people
students
family
members
friends
gathered
next
school
grounds
appellant
whose
brother
twin
sisters
attending
school
part
group
demonstrators
marched
around
sidewalk
feet
school
building
set
back
street
many
carried
signs
summarized
grievances
black
cheerleaders
cheer
black
history
black
teachers
equal
rights
negro
counselors
others
without
placards
made
power
people
sign
upraised
clenched
fists
respects
evidence
appellant
trial
sharply
contradictory
government
witnesses
reported
demonstrators
repeatedly
cheered
chanted
baited
policemen
made
noise
audible
school
hundreds
students
distracted
school
activities
lined
classroom
windows
watch
demonstration
demonstrators
successfully
yelled
friends
leave
school
building
join
demonstration
uncontrolled
latenesses
period
changes
school
far
greater
usual
late
students
admitting
watching
demonstration
general
orderly
school
procedure
disrupted
defense
witnesses
claimed
demonstrators
times
quiet
orderly
seek
violate
law
make
point
noise
made
policemen
using
loudspeakers
almost
students
noticeable
schoolhouse
windows
orderly
school
procedure
disrupted
warning
demonstrators
police
arrested
including
appellant
participating
demonstration
grayned
tried
convicted
violating
two
rockford
ordinances
hereinafter
referred
antipicketing
ordinance
antinoise
ordinance
fine
imposed
violation
since
grayned
challenged
constitutionality
ordinance
appealed
directly
illinois
sup
rule
claimed
ordinances
invalid
face
urge
applied
ordinances
punished
constitutionally
protected
activity
illinois
held
ordinances
constitutional
face
noted
probable
jurisdiction
conclude
antipicketing
ordinance
unconstitutional
affirm
respect
antinoise
ordinance
time
appellant
arrest
conviction
rockford
antipicketing
ordinance
provided
person
commits
disorderly
conduct
knowingly
pickets
demonstrates
public
way
within
feet
primary
secondary
school
building
school
session
hour
school
session
hour
school
session
concluded
provided
subsection
prohibit
peaceful
picketing
school
involved
labor
dispute
code
ordinances
ii
antinoise
ordinance
reads
pertinent
part
follows
person
public
private
grounds
adjacent
building
school
class
thereof
session
shall
willfully
make
assist
making
noise
diversion
disturbs
tends
disturb
peace
good
order
school
session
class
thereof
code
ordinances
vagueness
although
question
close
conclude
antinoise
ordinance
impermissibly
vague
rejected
appellant
arguments
proscribed
conduct
sufficiently
specified
police
given
broad
discretion
determining
whether
conduct
proscribed
although
referred
similar
statutes
recently
construed
upheld
elaborate
meaning
antinoise
ordinance
situation
justice
frankfurter
put
must
extrapolate
allowable
meaning
relegated
words
ordinance
interpretations
given
analogous
statutes
perhaps
degree
interpretation
statute
given
charged
enforcing
extrapolation
course
delicate
task
within
power
construe
narrow
state
laws
warning
find
unconstitutional
vagueness
antinoise
ordinance
condemned
use
words
never
expect
mathematical
certainty
language
words
rockford
ordinance
marked
flexibility
reasonable
breadth
rather
meticulous
specificity
esteban
central
missouri
state
college
blackmun
cert
denied
think
clear
ordinance
whole
prohibits
designed
according
preamble
protection
schools
ordinance
forbids
deliberately
noisy
diversionary
activity
disrupts
disrupt
normal
school
activities
forbids
willful
activity
fixed
times
school
session
sufficiently
fixed
place
adjacent
school
left
words
ordinance
might
troubled
imprecision
phrase
tends
disturb
however
chicago
meyer
chicago
gregory
reversed
grounds
illinois
construed
chicago
ordinance
prohibiting
inter
alia
diversion
tending
disturb
peace
held
permitted
conviction
imminent
threat
violence
emphasis
supplied
see
gregory
chicago
black
concurring
since
meyer
specifically
cited
opinion
turn
drew
heavily
gregory
think
proper
conclude
illinois
interpret
rockford
ordinance
prohibit
actual
imminent
interference
peace
good
order
school
although
prohibited
quantum
disturbance
specified
ordinance
apparent
statute
announced
purpose
measure
whether
normal
school
activity
disrupted
vague
general
breach
peace
ordinance
statute
written
specifically
school
context
prohibited
disturbances
easily
measured
impact
normal
activities
school
given
particular
context
ordinance
gives
fair
notice
directed
although
rockford
ordinance
may
precise
statute
upheld
cameron
johnson
prohibited
picketing
manner
obstruct
unreasonably
interfere
free
ingress
egress
courthouse
think
cameron
ordinance
clearly
delineates
reach
words
common
understanding
cox
louisiana
coates
cincinnati
appellant
particularly
relies
presented
completely
different
situations
cox
general
breach
peace
ordinance
construed
state
courts
mean
agitate
arouse
state
repose
molest
interrupt
hinder
disquiet
correctly
concluded
construed
ordinance
permitted
persons
punished
merely
expressing
unpopular
views
coates
ordinance
punished
sidewalk
assembly
three
persons
conduct
manner
annoying
persons
passing
held
part
ordinance
impermissibly
vague
enforcement
depended
completely
subjective
standard
annoyance
contrast
rockford
antinoise
ordinance
permit
punishment
expression
unpopular
point
view
contains
broad
invitation
subjective
discriminatory
enforcement
rockford
claim
broad
power
punish
noises
diversions
vagueness
terms
dispelled
ordinance
requirements
noise
diversion
actually
incompatible
normal
school
activity
demonstrated
causality
disruption
occurs
noise
diversion
acts
willfully
done
undesirables
annoying
conduct
may
punished
ordinance
permit
people
stand
public
sidewalk
whim
police
officer
rather
must
demonstrated
interference
school
activities
always
enforcement
requires
exercise
degree
police
judgment
confined
degree
judgment
permissible
rockford
city
council
made
basic
policy
choices
given
fair
warning
prohibited
ordinance
defines
boundaries
sufficiently
distinct
citizens
policemen
juries
appellate
judges
impermissibly
vague
overbreadth
considering
right
municipality
control
use
public
streets
expression
religious
political
views
start
words
justice
roberts
wherever
title
streets
parks
may
rest
immemorially
held
trust
use
public
time
mind
used
purposes
assembly
communicating
thoughts
citizens
discussing
public
questions
hague
cio
kunz
new
york
see
shuttlesworth
birmingham
right
use
public
place
expressive
activity
may
restricted
weighty
reasons
nature
place
pattern
normal
activities
dictate
kinds
regulations
time
place
manner
reasonable
although
silent
vigil
may
unduly
interfere
public
library
brown
louisiana
making
speech
reading
room
almost
certainly
speech
perfectly
appropriate
park
crucial
question
whether
manner
expression
basically
incompatible
normal
activity
particular
place
particular
time
cases
make
clear
assessing
reasonableness
regulation
must
weigh
heavily
fact
communication
involved
regulation
must
narrowly
tailored
state
legitimate
interest
access
streets
sidewalks
parks
similar
public
places
purpose
exercising
first
amendment
rights
constitutionally
denied
broadly
free
expression
must
guise
regulation
abridged
denied
light
general
principles
think
rockford
ordinance
unconstitutional
regulation
activity
around
school
touchstone
tinker
des
moines
school
district
considered
question
accommodate
first
amendment
rights
special
characteristics
school
environment
tinker
held
des
moines
school
district
punish
students
wearing
black
armbands
school
protest
vietnam
war
recognizing
wide
exposure
robust
exchange
ideas
important
part
educational
process
nurtured
concluded
free
expression
barred
school
campus
made
clear
undifferentiated
fear
apprehension
disturbance
enough
overcome
right
freedom
expression
particular
expressive
activity
prohibited
mere
desire
avoid
discomfort
unpleasantness
always
accompany
unpopular
viewpoint
nowhere
suggested
students
teachers
anyone
else
absolute
constitutional
right
use
parts
school
building
immediate
environs
unlimited
expressive
purposes
expressive
activity
certainly
restricted
forbidden
conduct
materially
disrupts
classwork
involves
substantial
disorder
invasion
rights
others
wearing
armbands
protected
tinker
students
neither
interrupted
school
activities
sought
intrude
school
affairs
lives
others
caused
discussion
outside
classrooms
interference
work
disorder
compare
burnside
byars
butts
dallas
ind
school
district
blackwell
issaquena
county
board
education
tinker
made
clear
school
property
may
declared
limits
expressive
activity
students
think
clear
public
sidewalk
adjacent
school
grounds
may
declared
limits
expressive
activity
members
public
case
expressive
activity
may
prohibited
materially
disrupts
classwork
involves
substantial
disorder
invasion
rights
others
tinker
des
moines
school
district
ignoring
reality
recognize
public
schools
community
important
institutions
often
focus
significant
grievances
without
interfering
normal
school
activities
daytime
picketing
handbilling
public
grounds
near
school
effectively
publicize
grievances
pedestrians
school
visitors
deliverymen
well
teachers
administrators
students
picketing
end
quiet
peaceful
way
disturb
normal
functioning
school
example
highly
unusual
classic
expressive
gesture
solitary
picket
disrupts
anything
related
school
least
public
sidewalk
open
pedestrians
hand
schools
hardly
tolerate
boisterous
demonstrators
drown
classroom
conversation
make
studying
impossible
block
entrances
incite
children
leave
schoolhouse
rockford
antinoise
ordinance
goes
tinker
says
municipality
may
go
prevent
interference
schools
narrowly
tailored
rockford
compelling
interest
undisrupted
school
session
conducive
students
learning
unnecessarily
interfere
first
amendment
rights
far
impermissibly
broad
prophylactic
ordinance
rockford
punishes
conduct
disrupts
disrupt
normal
school
activities
decision
made
individualized
basis
given
particular
fact
situation
peaceful
picketing
interfere
ordinary
functioning
school
permitted
ordinance
gives
license
punish
anyone
saying
recognize
ordinance
prohibits
picketing
neither
violent
physically
obstructive
noisy
demonstrations
disrupt
incompatible
normal
school
activities
obviously
within
ordinance
reach
expressive
conduct
may
constitutionally
protected
places
times
cf
edwards
south
carolina
cox
louisiana
next
school
classes
session
may
prohibited
antinoise
ordinance
imposes
restriction
expressive
activity
school
session
audience
enters
leaves
school
cox
louisiana
indicated
special
nature
place
persons
constitutionally
prohibited
picketing
near
courthouse
intent
interfering
obstructing
impeding
administration
justice
likewise
cameron
johnson
upheld
statute
prohibiting
picketing
manner
obstruct
unreasonably
interfere
free
ingress
egress
county
courthouses
two
cases
rockford
modest
restriction
peaceful
picketing
represents
considered
specific
legislative
judgment
kinds
expressive
activity
restricted
particular
time
place
order
protect
schools
reasonable
regulation
inconsistent
first
fourteenth
amendments
antinoise
ordinance
invalid
face
judgment
affirmed
part
reversed
part
footnotes
november
antipicketing
ordinance
amended
delete
labor
picketing
proviso
rockford
notes
amendment
deletion
course
effect
appellant
personal
situation
brief
necessarily
must
consider
facial
constitutionality
ordinance
effect
appellant
arrested
convicted
papachristou
city
jacksonville
cramp
board
public
instruction
harriss
jordan
de
george
lanzetta
new
jersey
connally
general
construction
cohen
grocery
international
harvester
kentucky
papachristou
city
jacksonville
supra
coates
cincinnati
gregory
chicago
black
concurring
interstate
circuit
dallas
ashton
kentucky
giaccio
pennsylvania
shuttlesworth
birmingham
kunz
new
york
saia
new
york
thornhill
alabama
herndon
lowry
first
amendment
interests
affected
precise
statute
evincing
legislative
judgment
certain
specific
conduct
proscribed
edwards
south
carolina
assures
us
legislature
focused
first
amendment
interests
determined
governmental
policies
compel
regulation
see
kalven
concept
public
forum
cox
louisiana
sup
rev
garner
louisiana
harlan
concurring
judgment
baggett
bullitt
cramp
board
public
instruction
baggett
bullitt
supra
quoting
speiser
randall
see
interstate
circuit
dallas
supra
ashton
kentucky
supra
dombrowski
pfister
smith
california
winters
new
york
stromberg
california
trial
magistrate
simply
charged
jury
words
ordinance
complaint
verdict
form
used
slightly
different
language
see
infra
garner
louisiana
concurring
judgment
coates
cincinnati
gooding
wilson
lake
carriers
assn
macmullan
cole
richardson
ehlert
cf
poe
ullman
photographs
always
true
fertile
legal
imagination
conjure
hypothetical
cases
meaning
disputed
terms
nice
question
american
communications
assn
douds
diversion
defined
webster
third
new
international
dictionary
act
instance
diverting
one
course
use
another
act
instance
diverting
mind
attention
activity
concern
turning
aside
something
turns
mind
serious
concerns
ordinary
matters
relaxes
amuses
cf
cox
louisiana
near
courthouse
impermissibly
vague
see
gregory
chicago
black
concurring
gooding
wilson
craig
harney
cf
chaplinsky
new
hampshire
statute
punishing
fighting
words
direct
tendency
cause
acts
violence
upheld
street
new
york
cf
chicago
terminiello
reversed
grounds
intermediate
appellate
courts
illinois
appear
interpreted
phrase
tending
chicago
ordinance
entirely
least
contexts
chicago
hansen
app
chicago
holmes
app
chicago
nesbitt
app
cf
chicago
williams
app
brief
city
rockford
indicates
sole
concern
actual
disruption
jury
charged
duty
determining
whether
school
disrupted
defendant
conduct
matter
caused
contributed
cause
disruption
brief
appellee
emphasis
supplied
theory
city
tried
appellant
case
jury
report
supra
although
jury
instructed
words
ordinance
already
noted
supra
challenge
made
rockford
ordinance
applied
case
american
communications
assn
douds
cf
edwards
south
carolina
cantwell
connecticut
similarly
numerous
cases
condemned
broadly
worded
licensing
ordinances
grant
standardless
discretion
public
officials
free
censor
ideas
enforce
personal
preferences
shuttlesworth
birmingham
staub
city
baxley
saia
new
york
schneider
state
lovell
griffin
hague
cio
cf
cox
louisiana
edwards
south
carolina
tracking
complaint
jury
verdict
found
grayned
guilty
ilfully
causing
diversion
good
order
public
school
session
school
grounds
school
session
wilfully
make
assist
making
diversion
tended
disturb
peace
good
order
school
session
class
thereof
shuttlesworth
birmingham
chicago
fort
case
cited
opinion
see
zwickler
koota
cases
cited
gooding
wilson
coates
cincinnati
dombrowski
pfister
cases
cited
kunz
new
york
police
department
chicago
mosley
ante
cox
new
hampshire
kunz
new
york
poulos
new
hampshire
cox
louisiana
cox
louisiana
adderley
florida
food
employees
logan
valley
plaza
shuttlesworth
birmingham
police
department
chicago
mosley
ante
cases
cited
see
generally
emerson
system
freedom
expression
wright
constitution
campus
vand
rev
cf
cox
louisiana
adderley
florida
food
employees
logan
valley
plaza
tinker
des
moines
school
district
schneider
state
talley
california
saia
new
york
cox
new
hampshire
hague
cio
see
generally
kalven
concept
public
forum
cox
louisiana
sup
rev
de
jonge
oregon
lovell
griffin
schneider
state
cantwell
connecticut
cox
louisiana
davis
francois
cf
shelton
tucker
naacp
button
food
employees
logan
valley
plaza
hague
cio
cf
hague
cio
supra
tinker
recognized
principle
case
limited
expressive
activity
within
school
building
see
esteban
central
missouri
state
college
blackmun
cert
denied
jones
board
regents
hammond
south
carolina
state
college
supp
sc
cited
tinker
cf
thornhill
alabama
goes
without
saying
one
exercise
liberty
expression
appropriate
places
abridged
plea
may
exercised
place
schneider
state
cf
jones
board
regents
supra
cf
barker
hardway
supp
sd
aff
cert
denied
fortas
concurring
see
jones
board
regents
supra
hammond
south
carolina
state
college
supra
compare
scoville
board
education
cert
denied
dickey
alabama
state
board
education
supp
md
cited
tinker
different
considerations
course
apply
different
circumstances
example
restrictions
appropriate
high
school
class
hours
inappropriate
many
open
areas
college
campus
assembly
permitted
outside
dormitory
inappropriate
middle
mathematics
class
noting
need
assure
administration
justice
stages
free
outside
control
influence
emphasized
state
may
protect
possibility
conclusion
public
judge
action
part
product
intimidation
flow
fair
orderly
working
judicial
process
quoting
schneider
state
noted
activity
bears
necessary
relationship
freedom
distribute
information
opinion
cf
garner
louisiana
harlan
concurring
judgment
cf
adderley
florida
adderley
held
demonstrators
barred
jailhouse
grounds
ordinarily
open
public
least
demonstration
obstructed
jail
driveway
interfered
functioning
jail
tinker
noted
school
like
hospital
jail
enclosure
possible
course
unconstitutional
applications
matter
presently
concerns
us
see
shuttlesworth
birmingham
supra
justice
douglas
dissenting
part
join
part
opinion
also
reverse
appellant
conviction
antinoise
ordinance
municipal
ordinance
case
turns
provides
relevant
part
person
public
private
grounds
adjacent
building
school
class
thereof
session
shall
willfully
make
assist
making
noise
diversion
disturbs
tends
disturb
peace
good
order
school
session
class
thereof
pickets
mostly
students
included
former
students
parents
students
concerned
citizens
made
proposals
school
board
demands
turned
hence
picketing
picketing
mostly
black
students
counseled
advised
faculty
member
school
school
contained
students
counseling
students
advised
must
quiet
walk
hand
hand
whispering
talking
policemen
stationed
nearby
noise
produced
police
used
loudspeakers
explain
local
ordinance
announce
arrests
might
made
picketing
stop
demonstrators
including
appellant
arrested
picketing
lasted
minutes
students
went
windows
classrooms
observe
clear
many
picketing
however
orderly
one
officer
testified
orderly
violence
appellant
made
noise
whatever
justice
roberts
said
hague
cio
never
questioned
wherever
title
streets
parks
may
rest
immemorially
held
trust
use
public
time
mind
used
purposes
assembly
communicating
thoughts
citizens
discussing
public
questions
use
streets
public
places
ancient
times
part
privileges
immunities
rights
liberties
citizens
privilege
citizen
use
streets
parks
communication
views
national
questions
may
regulated
interest
absolute
relative
must
exercised
subordination
general
comfort
convenience
consonance
peace
good
order
must
guise
regulation
abridged
denied
school
present
picketing
occurred
center
racial
conflict
pickets
indeed
students
school
dispute
doubtless
disturbed
school
blaring
loudspeakers
police
certainly
noise
diversion
meaning
ordinance
evidence
appellant
noisy
boisterous
rowdy
walked
quietly
orderly
manner
read
record
disruptive
force
loosed
school
issue
dealing
race
issue
preeminently
one
solution
first
amendment
means
done
entire
picketing
including
appellant
part
done
best
first
amendment
tradition
majority
asserts
appellant
sole
claim
convicted
facially
unconstitutional
ordinances
therefore
occasion
consider
whether
activities
protected
first
amendment
ante
appellant
argues
however
ordinance
overly
broad
punishes
constitutionally
protected
activity
statute
may
withstand
overbreadth
attack
authoritatively
construed
susceptible
application
speech
protected
first
fourteenth
amendments
gooding
wilson
ordinance
applies
appellant
activities
appellant
activities
constitutionally
protected
ordinance
overly
broad
thus
unconstitutional
merit
therefore
suggestion
question
whether
appellant
particular
behavior
protected
first
amendment
ante
presented