massachusetts
mut
life
ins
russell
argued
january
decided
june
respondent
claims
examiner
petitioner
insurance
company
petitioner
beneficiary
employee
benefit
plans
administered
petitioner
governed
employee
retirement
income
security
act
erisa
may
respondent
became
disabled
back
ailment
received
plan
benefits
october
petitioner
disability
committee
terminated
benefits
based
orthopedic
surgeon
report
respondent
requested
review
decision
march
plan
administrator
reinstated
benefits
based
medical
reports
retroactive
benefits
paid
full
claiming
injured
improper
refusal
pay
benefits
october
march
respondent
sued
petitioner
california
superior
alleging
various
causes
action
based
state
law
erisa
petitioner
removed
case
federal
district
granted
petitioner
motion
summary
judgment
holding
inter
alia
erisa
barred
claims
extracontractual
damages
arising
original
denial
respondent
claim
benefits
appeals
reversed
pertinent
part
holding
days
petitioner
took
process
respondent
claim
violated
plan
fiduciary
obligation
process
claims
good
faith
fair
diligent
manner
violation
gave
rise
cause
action
damages
erisa
asserted
plan
beneficiary
pursuant
authorizing
civil
enforcement
erisa
section
provides
ny
person
fiduciary
respect
plan
breaches
responsibilities
obligations
duties
imposed
upon
fiduciaries
title
shall
personally
liable
make
good
plan
losses
plan
resulting
breach
restore
plan
profits
fiduciary
made
use
assets
plan
fiduciary
shall
subject
equitable
remedial
relief
may
deem
appropriate
including
removal
fiduciary
held
section
provide
cause
action
extracontractual
damages
beneficiary
caused
improper
untimely
processing
benefit
claims
pp
text
contains
express
authority
award
damages
nothing
text
support
conclusion
delay
processing
disputed
claim
gives
rise
private
cause
action
compensatory
punitive
relief
rather
text
shows
congress
intend
authorize
relief
except
plan
relevant
fiduciary
relationship
characterized
outset
one
respect
plan
fiduciary
potential
personal
liability
make
good
plan
losses
plan
restore
plan
profits
fiduciary
made
use
assets
plan
pp
private
cause
action
damages
implied
respondent
member
class
whose
benefit
erisa
enacted
view
effect
erisa
impediment
implying
remedy
legislative
intent
consistency
legislative
scheme
support
conclusion
congress
intend
judiciary
imply
cause
action
civil
enforcement
provisions
provide
strong
evidence
congress
intend
authorize
remedies
incorporate
expressly
pp
stevens
delivered
opinion
burger
powell
rehnquist
joined
brennan
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
white
marshall
blackmun
joined
post
john
nolan
reargued
cause
petitioners
briefs
paul
ondrasik
antonia
ianniello
richard
davis
david
bacon
brad
baker
reargued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
alaska
fishermen
canners
pension
trust
et
al
thomas
hart
richard
donaldson
american
council
life
insurance
health
insurance
association
america
erwin
griswold
jack
blaine
edward
zimmerman
board
trustees
northern
california
carpenters
trust
funds
et
al
thomas
stanton
donald
tayer
motion
picture
health
welfare
fund
william
cole
pipe
trust
et
al
stuart
young
construction
laborers
pension
trust
southern
california
et
al
james
watson
george
cox
john
miller
lionel
richman
carl
frankel
bernard
kleiman
filed
brief
america
clc
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
stevens
delivered
opinion
question
presented
decision
whether
employee
retirement
income
security
act
erisa
fiduciary
employee
benefit
plan
may
held
personally
liable
plan
participant
beneficiary
extracontractual
compensatory
punitive
damages
caused
improper
untimely
processing
benefit
claims
respondent
doris
russell
claims
examiner
petitioner
massachusetts
mutual
life
insurance
company
hereafter
petitioner
beneficiary
two
employee
benefit
plans
administered
petitioner
eligible
employees
plans
funded
general
assets
petitioner
governed
erisa
may
respondent
became
disabled
back
ailment
received
plan
benefits
october
based
report
orthopedic
surgeon
petitioner
disability
committee
terminated
benefits
october
requested
internal
review
decision
november
submitted
report
psychiatrist
indicating
suffered
psychosomatic
disability
physical
manifestations
rather
orthopedic
illness
examination
second
psychiatrist
february
confirmed
respondent
temporarily
disabled
plan
administrator
reinstated
benefits
march
two
days
later
retroactive
benefits
paid
full
although
respondent
paid
benefits
contractually
entitled
claims
injured
improper
refusal
pay
benefits
october
benefits
terminated
march
eligibility
restored
among
allegations
asserts
fiduciaries
administering
petitioner
employee
benefit
plans
company
officials
ignored
readily
available
medical
evidence
documenting
respondent
disability
applied
unwarrantedly
strict
eligibility
standards
deliberately
took
days
process
claim
violation
regulations
promulgated
secretary
labor
interruption
benefit
payments
allegedly
forced
respondent
disabled
husband
cash
retirement
savings
turn
aggravated
psychological
condition
caused
respondent
back
ailment
accordingly
sued
petitioner
california
superior
pleading
various
causes
action
based
state
law
erisa
petitioner
removed
case
district
central
district
california
moved
summary
judgment
district
granted
motion
holding
claims
erisa
erisa
bars
claims
damages
punitive
damages
arising
original
denial
plaintiff
claims
benefits
salary
continuance
plan
subsequent
review
thereof
app
pet
cert
appeal
appeals
ninth
circuit
affirmed
part
reversed
part
although
agreed
district
respondent
causes
action
erisa
held
complaint
alleged
cause
action
erisa
see
reasoned
days
petitioner
took
process
respondent
claim
violated
fiduciary
obligation
process
claims
good
faith
fair
diligent
manner
concluded
violation
gave
rise
cause
action
asserted
plan
beneficiary
pursuant
read
authorization
equitable
remedial
relief
may
deem
appropriate
giving
wide
discretion
damages
awarded
including
compensatory
punitive
damages
according
appeals
award
compensatory
damages
shall
remedy
wrong
make
aggrieved
individual
whole
meant
merely
contractual
damages
loss
plan
benefits
relief
compensate
injured
party
losses
injuries
sustained
direct
proximate
cause
breach
fiduciary
duty
including
damages
mental
emotional
distress
moreover
liability
fiduciary
personally
plan
appeals
also
held
punitive
damages
recovered
although
decided
award
permitted
fiduciary
acted
actual
malice
wanton
indifference
rights
participant
beneficiary
believed
result
supported
text
congressional
purpose
provide
broad
remedies
redress
prevent
violations
act
granted
certiorari
review
compensatory
punitive
components
appeals
holding
authorizes
recovery
extracontractual
damages
respondent
defends
judgment
appeals
reasoning
provides
express
basis
extracontractual
damages
well
arguing
event
private
remedy
inferred
analysis
employed
cort
ash
reject
arguments
caption
implies
establishes
liability
breach
fiduciary
duty
specifically
provides
person
fiduciary
respect
plan
breaches
responsibilities
obligations
duties
imposed
upon
fiduciaries
title
shall
personally
liable
make
good
plan
losses
plan
resulting
breach
restore
plan
profits
fiduciary
made
use
assets
plan
fiduciary
shall
subject
equitable
remedial
relief
may
deem
appropriate
including
removal
fiduciary
fiduciary
may
also
removed
violation
section
act
stat
civil
action
may
brought
participant
beneficiary
relief
provided
subsection
section
recover
benefits
due
terms
plan
enforce
rights
terms
plan
clarify
rights
future
benefits
terms
plan
secretary
participant
beneficiary
fiduciary
appropriate
relief
section
stat
appeals
opinion
focused
reference
equitable
remedial
relief
may
deem
appropriate
entire
section
examined
emphasis
relationship
fiduciary
plan
entity
becomes
apparent
thus
relevant
fiduciary
relationship
characterized
outset
one
respect
plan
potential
personal
liability
fiduciary
make
good
plan
losses
plan
restore
plan
profits
fiduciary
made
use
assets
plan
read
directly
opening
clause
identifies
proscribed
acts
catchall
remedy
phrase
end
skipping
intervening
language
establishing
remedies
benefiting
first
instance
solely
plan
divorce
phrase
construed
context
construct
entirely
new
class
relief
available
entities
plan
cf
fmc
seatrain
lines
jones
blue
pencil
method
statutory
interpretation
omitting
words
part
clauses
deemed
pertinent
task
hand
impermissibly
ignores
relevant
context
statutory
language
subsists
see
jarecki
searle
case
mode
interpretation
render
superfluous
preceding
clauses
providing
relief
singularly
plan
slight
language
following
phrase
equitable
remedial
relief
congress
specified
remedial
phrase
includes
removal
fiduciary
example
kind
relief
provided
specific
clauses
succeeds
fair
contextual
reading
statute
makes
abundantly
clear
draftsmen
primarily
concerned
possible
misuse
plan
assets
remedies
protect
entire
plan
rather
rights
individual
beneficiary
course
true
fiduciary
obligations
plan
administrators
serve
interest
participants
beneficiaries
specifically
provide
benefits
authorized
plan
principal
statutory
duties
imposed
trustees
relate
proper
management
administration
investment
fund
assets
maintenance
proper
records
disclosure
specified
information
avoidance
conflicts
interest
duties
described
part
title
act
entitled
fiduciary
responsibility
see
stat
whereas
statutory
provisions
relating
claim
procedures
found
part
dealing
administration
enforcement
stat
section
concerns
review
claim
denied
merely
specifies
every
plan
shall
comply
certain
regulations
promulgated
secretary
labor
secretary
regulations
contemplate
decision
shall
made
promptly
shall
ordinarily
made
later
days
plan
receipt
request
review
unless
special
circumstances
require
extension
time
processing
case
decision
shall
rendered
soon
possible
later
days
receipt
request
review
cfr
nothing
regulations
statute
however
expressly
provides
recovery
either
plan
administrators
greater
time
required
determine
merits
application
benefits
rather
regulations
merely
state
claim
may
treated
denied
period
elapsed
see
decision
review
furnished
within
time
claim
shall
deemed
denied
review
emphasis
added
provision
therefore
enables
claimant
bring
civil
action
merits
application
determined
may
bring
action
challenge
outright
denial
benefits
significantly
statutory
provision
explicitly
authorizing
beneficiary
bring
action
enforce
rights
plan
quoted
supra
says
nothing
recovery
extracontractual
damages
possible
consequences
delay
plan
administrators
processing
disputed
claim
thus
really
nothing
statutory
text
support
conclusion
delay
gives
rise
private
right
action
compensatory
punitive
relief
entire
text
persuades
us
congress
intend
section
authorize
relief
except
plan
short
unlike
appeals
find
express
authority
award
extracontractual
damages
beneficiary
ii
relying
analysis
employed
cort
ash
respondent
argues
private
right
action
extracontractual
damages
implied
even
expressly
authorized
erisa
two
four
cort
factors
unquestionably
support
respondent
claim
respondent
member
class
whose
benefit
statute
enacted
view
effect
erisa
impediment
implying
remedy
two
factors
legislative
intent
consistency
legislative
scheme
point
opposite
direction
unless
congressional
intent
inferred
language
statute
statutory
structure
source
essential
predicate
implication
private
remedy
simply
exist
northwest
airlines
transport
workers
federal
judiciary
engraft
remedy
statute
matter
salutary
congress
intend
provide
california
sierra
club
voluminous
legislative
history
act
contradicts
respondent
position
true
early
version
statute
contained
provision
legal
equitable
relief
described
senate
house
committee
reports
authorizing
full
range
legal
equitable
remedies
available
state
federal
courts
leg
hist
leg
hist
language
appeared
committee
reports
describing
version
bill
debate
floor
conference
committee
finalized
operative
language
bill
passed
house
representatives
ultimately
adopted
conference
committee
reference
legal
relief
deleted
language
relied
respondent
appeals
therefore
little
help
understanding
whether
congress
intended
make
fiduciaries
personally
liable
beneficiaries
extracontractual
damages
six
carefully
integrated
civil
enforcement
provisions
found
statute
finally
enacted
however
provide
strong
evidence
congress
intend
authorize
remedies
simply
forgot
incorporate
expressly
assumption
inadvertent
omission
rendered
especially
suspect
upon
close
consideration
erisa
interlocking
interrelated
interdependent
remedial
scheme
turn
part
comprehensive
reticulated
statute
nachman
pension
benefit
guaranty
corporation
case
example
plan
administrator
adhered
initial
determination
respondent
entitled
disability
benefits
plan
respondent
panoply
remedial
devices
disposal
recover
benefits
due
filed
action
pursuant
recover
accrued
benefits
obtain
declaratory
judgment
entitled
benefits
provisions
plan
contract
enjoin
plan
administrator
improperly
refusing
pay
benefits
future
plan
administrator
refusal
pay
contractually
authorized
benefits
willful
part
larger
systematic
breach
fiduciary
obligations
respondent
hypothetical
asked
removal
fiduciary
pursuant
finally
answer
possible
concern
attorney
fees
might
present
barrier
maintenance
suits
small
claims
thereby
risking
underenforcement
beneficiaries
statutory
rights
noted
erisa
authorizes
award
attorney
fees
see
stat
amended
reluctant
tamper
enforcement
scheme
crafted
evident
care
one
erisa
stated
transamerica
mortgage
advisors
lewis
statute
expressly
provides
particular
remedy
remedies
must
chary
reading
others
see
also
touche
ross
redington
presumption
remedy
deliberately
omitted
statute
strongest
congress
enacted
comprehensive
legislative
scheme
including
integrated
system
procedures
enforcement
northwest
airlines
transport
workers
contrast
repeatedly
emphasized
purpose
protect
contractually
defined
benefits
stark
absence
statute
legislative
history
reference
intention
authorize
recovery
extracontractual
damages
neither
statute
legislative
history
reveals
congressional
intent
create
private
right
action
need
carry
cort
ash
inquiry
northwest
airlines
transport
workers
iii
thus
relevant
text
erisa
structure
entire
statute
legislative
history
support
conclusion
congress
provide
intend
judiciary
imply
cause
action
extracontractual
damages
caused
improper
untimely
processing
benefit
claims
judgment
appeals
therefore
reversed
footnotes
regulations
authorized
stat
appear
cfr
discuss
infra
petitioner
argues
review
period
measured
november
respondent
submitted
medical
evidence
rather
october
date
requested
review
purposes
decision
accept
respondent
position
point
respondent
file
therefore
questioned
appeals
holding
causes
action
erisa
respondent
relies
entirely
expressly
disclaims
reliance
occasion
consider
whether
provision
erisa
authorizes
recovery
extracontractual
damages
tr
oral
arg
section
prohibits
person
convicted
certain
enumerated
offenses
serving
administrator
fiduciary
regulated
plan
see
stat
section
reads
follows
person
willfully
violates
portion
part
subtitle
regulation
order
issued
provision
shall
upon
conviction
fined
imprisoned
one
year
except
case
violation
person
individual
fine
imposed
upon
person
shall
fine
exceeding
stat
part
subtitle
consists
imposes
elaborate
reporting
disclosure
requirements
plan
administrators
see
stat
committee
reports
also
emphasize
fiduciary
personal
liability
losses
plan
see
conf
reprinted
subcommittee
labor
public
welfare
senate
committee
labor
public
welfare
legislative
history
employee
retirement
income
security
act
comm
print
hereinafter
leg
hist
pp
leg
hist
leg
hist
floor
debate
also
reveals
crucible
congressional
concern
misuse
mismanagement
plan
assets
plan
administrators
erisa
designed
prevent
abuses
future
see
cong
rec
legislation
imposes
strict
fiduciary
obligations
discretion
responsibility
respecting
management
handling
disposition
pension
welfare
plan
assets
remarks
williams
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
bill
establish
judicially
enforceable
standards
insure
honest
faithful
competent
management
pension
welfare
funds
remarks
bentsen
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
nstances
arisen
pension
funds
used
improperly
plan
managers
fiduciaries
bill
contains
measures
designed
reduce
substantially
potentialities
abuse
remarks
nelson
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
addition
frequently
pension
funds
abused
responsible
management
manipulate
purposes
make
poor
investments
remarks
ribicoff
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
isuse
manipulation
poor
management
pension
trust
funds
frequent
remarks
ribicoff
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
legislation
sets
fiduciary
standards
insure
pension
funds
mismanaged
remarks
clark
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
erisa
contains
provisions
insure
fair
handling
worker
money
remarks
biaggi
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
standards
prevent
abuses
dealing
plans
remarks
dent
reprinted
leg
hist
cong
rec
erisa
imposes
fiduciary
disclosure
standards
guard
fraud
abuse
pension
funds
remarks
brademas
reprinted
leg
hist
consistent
objective
enforcement
provision
authorizes
suits
four
classes
secretary
labor
participants
beneficiaries
fiduciaries
inclusion
secretary
labor
indicative
congress
intent
actions
breach
fiduciary
duty
brought
representative
capacity
behalf
plan
whole
indeed
common
interest
shared
four
classes
financial
integrity
plan
accordingly
erisa
establishes
duties
loyalty
care
fiduciaries
regard
loyalty
principal
provision
general
prohibits
sales
exchanges
plan
one
hand
parties
interest
disqualified
persons
see
stat
vein
prohibits
compensating
fiduciaries
employees
unions
employers
stat
regard
duty
care
among
obligations
imposes
prudent
person
standard
measure
fiduciaries
investment
decisions
disposition
assets
see
stat
section
also
mandates
fiduciary
shall
discharge
duties
respect
plan
solely
interest
participants
beneficiaries
exclusive
purpose
providing
benefits
participants
beneficiaries
stat
section
provides
accordance
regulations
secretary
every
employee
benefit
plan
shall
provide
adequate
notice
writing
participant
beneficiary
whose
claim
benefits
plan
denied
setting
forth
specific
reasons
denial
written
manner
calculated
understood
participant
afford
reasonable
opportunity
participant
whose
claim
benefits
denied
full
fair
review
appropriate
named
fiduciary
decision
denying
claim
stat
secretary
labor
rulemaking
power
contained
stat
light
holding
reach
question
concerning
extent
may
authorize
recovery
extracontractual
compensatory
punitive
damages
fiduciary
plan
determining
whether
private
remedy
implicit
statute
expressly
providing
one
several
factors
relevant
first
plaintiff
one
class
whose
especial
benefit
statute
enacted
texas
pacific
rigsby
emphasis
supplied
statute
create
federal
right
favor
plaintiff
second
indication
legislative
intent
explicit
implicit
either
create
remedy
deny
one
see
national
railroad
passenger
corporation
national
assn
railroad
passengers
amtrak
third
consistent
underlying
purposes
legislative
scheme
imply
remedy
plaintiff
finally
cause
action
one
traditionally
relegated
state
law
area
basically
concern
inappropriate
infer
cause
action
based
solely
federal
law
cort
ash
citations
omitted
provision
part
passed
senate
provided
ivil
actions
appropriate
relief
legal
equitable
redress
restrain
breach
responsibility
obligation
duty
fiduciary
sess
mar
leg
hist
also
part
earlier
bills
see
sess
apr
leg
hist
see
also
sess
leg
hist
see
middlesex
county
sewerage
authority
national
sea
clammers
texas
industries
radcliff
materials
california
sierra
club
national
railroad
passenger
corporation
national
assn
railroad
passengers
nashville
milk
carnation
switchmen
national
mediation
board
botany
worsted
mills
see
nachman
pension
benefit
guaranty
corporation
cong
rec
leg
hist
cong
rec
leg
hist
indeed
congress
concerned
lest
cost
federal
standards
discourage
growth
private
pension
plans
see
leg
hist
cong
rec
leg
hist
cong
rec
leg
hist
justice
brennan
justice
white
justice
marshall
justice
blackmun
join
concurring
judgment
section
employee
retirement
income
security
act
erisa
provides
wide
array
measures
plan
participants
beneficiaries
may
enforce
rights
erisa
terms
plans
participant
beneficiary
may
file
civil
action
example
recover
benefits
due
terms
plan
enforce
rights
terms
plan
clarify
rights
future
benefits
terms
plan
appropriate
relief
section
enjoin
act
practice
violates
provision
title
terms
plan
obtain
appropriate
equitable
relief
redress
violations
emphasis
added
case
presents
single
narrow
question
whether
appropriate
relief
referred
includes
individual
recovery
participant
beneficiary
extracontractual
damages
breach
fiduciary
duty
appeals
ninth
circuit
held
broadly
authorizes
equitable
remedial
relief
may
deem
appropriate
participants
beneficiaries
may
recover
damages
section
agree
decision
today
fairly
read
context
providing
remedies
protect
entire
plan
rather
individuals
ante
participants
beneficiaries
accordingly
must
look
elsewhere
erisa
personal
relief
indeed
since
already
provides
participants
beneficiaries
appropriate
equitable
relief
redress
erisa
violations
reason
construe
expansively
order
bring
individuals
penumbra
equitable
remedial
relief
resolve
course
whether
extent
extracontractual
damages
available
question
addressed
courts
briefed
parties
amici
thus
properly
emphasizes
occasion
consider
whether
provision
erisa
authorizes
recovery
extracontractual
damages
ante
accordingly
save
another
day
questions
extent
fiduciary
mishandling
claim
might
constitute
actionable
breach
fiduciary
duties
set
forth
nature
extent
appropriate
equitable
relief
redress
violations
dicta
opinion
however
construed
sweeping
broadly
narrow
ground
resolution
set
forth
although
takes
care
limit
binding
effect
decision
terms
opinion
points
seems
speak
generally
whether
fiduciaries
ever
may
held
personally
liable
beneficiaries
extracontractual
damages
moreover
remarks
simply
incompatible
structure
legislative
history
purposes
erisa
ambiguous
discussion
certainly
subject
different
readings
event
without
controlling
significance
beyond
question
relief
write
separately
outline
believe
proper
approach
courts
take
construing
erisa
provisions
emphasize
issues
left
open
today
decision
fiduciary
duties
claims
administration
language
opinion
might
read
suggesting
fiduciary
duties
imposed
erisa
plan
administrators
part
run
plan
opposed
individual
beneficiaries
see
ante
apparently
thinks
might
significance
fact
administrator
fiduciary
duties
described
part
title
act
whereas
statutory
provisions
relating
claim
procedures
found
part
ante
accordingly
seems
believe
duties
remedies
associated
claims
processing
might
restricted
explicitly
spelled
ante
extent
suggests
administrators
might
fully
subject
strict
fiduciary
duties
participants
beneficiaries
processing
claims
traditional
remedies
breaches
duties
strongly
disagree
acknowledges
ante
sets
forth
governing
standard
fiduciary
shall
discharge
duties
respect
plan
solely
interest
participants
beneficiaries
exclusive
purpose
providing
benefits
participants
beneficiaries
section
also
provides
carrying
duties
fiduciary
shall
exercise
care
skill
prudence
diligence
prudent
man
acting
like
capacity
legislative
history
demonstrates
congress
intended
incorporate
fiduciary
standards
trust
law
erisa
trust
law
fiduciaries
owe
strict
duties
running
directly
beneficiaries
administration
payment
trust
benefits
legislative
history
also
shows
congress
intended
fiduciary
standards
govern
erisa
process
moreover
suggestion
concerning
distinction
parts
title
thoroughly
unconvincing
section
authorizes
award
appropriate
equitable
relief
directly
participant
beneficiary
redress
act
practice
violates
provision
title
terms
plan
section
standards
appear
title
entitled
protection
employee
benefit
rights
beneficiary
therefore
may
obtain
appropriate
equitable
relief
whenever
administrator
breaches
fiduciary
duties
set
forth
accordingly
administrator
duties
beneficiary
corresponding
remedies
necessarily
limited
terms
light
narrow
holding
see
ante
consideration
important
issues
remains
open
another
day
disposition
controversy
might
really
turn
judicial
construction
erisa
russell
argues
private
right
action
beneficiaries
participants
read
concluded
congress
intent
erisa
overall
structure
restrict
scope
recovery
behalf
plan
ante
private
right
squarely
barred
standards
set
forth
cort
ash
disposing
relatively
straightforward
issue
makes
observations
role
courts
generally
construing
enforcing
erisa
suggests
example
congress
crafted
erisa
carefully
integrated
remedies
create
interlocking
interrelated
interdependent
remedial
scheme
courts
tamper
ante
discussion
say
respectfully
unnecessary
extent
completely
erroneous
may
may
correct
general
matter
respect
implying
private
rights
action
erisa
respondent
sought
implied
right
course
purport
resolve
question
many
contexts
might
arise
statute
moreover
remarks
constrictive
judicial
role
enforcing
erisa
remedial
scheme
inaccurate
insofar
congress
provided
beneficiaries
recover
addition
remedies
explicitly
set
forth
section
appropriate
equitable
relief
redress
erisa
violations
congress
already
instructed
beneficiaries
recover
benefits
obtain
broad
injunctive
declaratory
relief
personal
benefit
benefit
plans
secure
attorney
fees
additional
provision
read
precisely
authorizing
federal
courts
erisa
remedial
scheme
thus
may
well
courts
generally
may
find
implied
private
remedies
erisa
remarks
little
bearing
courts
go
construing
private
remedy
congress
explicitly
provided
legislative
history
demonstrates
congress
intended
federal
courts
develop
federal
common
law
fashioning
additional
appropriate
equitable
relief
presenting
conference
report
full
senate
example
senator
javits
ranking
minority
member
senate
committee
labor
public
welfare
one
two
principal
senate
sponsors
erisa
stated
also
intended
body
federal
substantive
law
developed
courts
deal
issues
involving
rights
obligations
private
welfare
pension
plans
senator
williams
committee
chairman
act
principal
senate
sponsor
similarly
emphasized
suits
involving
beneficiaries
rights
regarded
arising
laws
similar
fashion
brought
section
labor
management
relations
act
section
course
authorizes
federal
courts
fashion
body
federal
law
context
agreements
derived
looking
policy
legislation
fashioning
remedy
effectuate
policy
textile
workers
lincoln
mills
erisa
legislative
history
also
demonstrates
beyond
question
congress
intended
engraft
principles
onto
enforcement
scheme
see
supra
fundamental
concept
trust
law
courts
give
beneficiaries
trust
remedies
necessary
protection
interests
thus
erisa
carefully
integrated
crafted
preclude
judicial
delineation
appropriate
rights
remedies
far
barring
process
statute
explicitly
directs
courts
shall
undertake
today
expressly
reserves
question
whether
extracontractual
damages
might
one
form
appropriate
relief
ante
believe
resolving
questions
concerning
appropriate
relief
erisa
courts
begin
ascertaining
extent
trust
pension
law
developed
state
federal
courts
provide
recovery
beneficiary
beyond
benefits
withheld
logical
first
step
given
congress
intended
incorporate
trust
law
erisa
equitable
remedies
requested
form
additional
relief
available
state
trust
law
courts
next
consider
whether
allowance
relief
significantly
conflict
aspect
erisa
scheme
addition
courts
must
always
bear
mind
ultimate
consideration
whether
allowance
disallowance
particular
relief
best
effectuate
underlying
purposes
erisa
enforcement
strict
fiduciary
standards
care
administration
aspects
pension
plans
promotion
best
interests
participants
beneficiaries
see
supra
concur
judgment
section
stat
provides
full
civil
action
may
brought
participant
beneficiary
relief
provided
subsection
section
recover
benefits
due
terms
plan
enforce
rights
terms
plan
clarify
rights
future
benefits
terms
plan
secretary
participant
beneficiary
fiduciary
appropriate
relief
section
participant
beneficiary
fiduciary
enjoin
act
practice
violates
provision
title
terms
plan
obtain
appropriate
equitable
relief
redress
violations
ii
enforce
provisions
title
terms
plan
secretary
participant
beneficiary
appropriate
relief
case
violation
section
except
otherwise
provided
subsection
secretary
enjoin
act
practice
violates
provision
title
obtain
appropriate
equitable
relief
redress
violation
ii
enforce
provision
title
secretary
collect
civil
penalty
subsection
section
stat
provides
person
fiduciary
respect
plan
breaches
responsibilities
obligations
duties
imposed
upon
fiduciaries
title
shall
personally
liable
make
good
plan
losses
plan
resulting
breach
restore
plan
profits
fiduciary
made
use
assets
plan
fiduciary
shall
subject
equitable
remedial
relief
may
deem
appropriate
including
removal
fiduciary
fiduciary
may
also
removed
violation
section
act
fiduciary
shall
liable
respect
breach
fiduciary
duty
title
breach
committed
became
fiduciary
ceased
fiduciary
see
ante
granted
certiorari
review
compensatory
punitive
components
appeals
holding
authorizes
recovery
extracontractual
damages
ante
ante
find
express
authority
award
extracontractual
damages
beneficiary
ante
see
ante
section
stat
amended
stat
provides
relevant
part
fiduciary
shall
discharge
duties
respect
plan
solely
interest
participants
beneficiaries
exclusive
purpose
providing
benefits
participants
beneficiaries
ii
defraying
reasonable
expenses
administering
plan
care
skill
prudence
diligence
circumstances
prevailing
prudent
man
acting
like
capacity
familiar
matters
use
conduct
enterprise
like
character
like
aims
diversifying
investments
plan
minimize
risk
large
losses
unless
circumstances
clearly
prudent
accordance
documents
instruments
governing
plan
insofar
documents
instruments
consistent
provisions
title
title
iv
see
fiduciary
responsibility
section
essence
codifies
makes
applicable
fiduciaries
certain
principles
developed
evolution
law
trusts
principles
fiduciary
conduct
adopted
existing
trust
law
modifications
appropriate
employee
benefit
plans
salient
principles
place
twofold
duty
every
fiduciary
act
relationship
plan
fund
prudent
man
similar
situation
like
conditions
act
act
consistently
principles
administering
trust
exclusive
purposes
previously
enumerated
accordance
documents
instruments
governing
fund
unless
inconsistent
fiduciary
principles
section
see
also
pp
conf
assets
employee
benefit
plan
held
exclusive
benefit
participants
beneficiaries
cong
rec
remarks
williams
central
pension
fund
central
transport
congress
invoked
common
law
trusts
define
general
scope
fiduciary
authority
responsibility
nlrb
amax
coal
congress
uses
terms
accumulated
settled
meaning
either
equity
common
law
must
infer
unless
statute
otherwise
dictates
congress
means
incorporate
established
meaning
terms
leigh
engle
donovan
mazzola
sinai
hospital
baltimore
national
benefit
fund
hospital
health
care
employees
donovan
bierwirth
cert
denied
see
restatement
second
trusts
bogert
bogert
law
trusts
see
cong
rec
remarks
williams
emphasis
added
erisa
imposes
strict
fiduciary
obligations
upon
exercise
management
control
assets
administration
employee
pension
welfare
plan
conf
procedures
delegating
fiduciary
duties
including
allocation
delegation
duties
respect
payment
benefits
conference
report
emphasized
participants
beneficiaries
entitled
recover
benefits
due
plan
clarify
rights
receive
future
benefits
plan
also
obtain
relief
breach
fiduciary
duty
see
also
cong
rec
remarks
williams
beneficiaries
entitled
recover
benefits
well
obtain
redress
fiduciary
violations
remedies
equitable
nature
include
provision
monetary
damages
see
bogert
bogert
law
trusts
trustees
ed
hereinafter
bogert
bogert
trusts
trustees
restatement
second
trusts
thus
given
form
monetary
relief
may
unavailable
erisa
reasons
see
infra
withheld
simply
beneficiary
remedies
erisa
denominated
equitable
see
also
restatement
second
torts
comment
violation
fiduciary
duty
although
remedy
beneficiary
defaulting
negligent
trustee
ordinarily
equity
beneficiary
entitled
redress
harm
caused
breach
duty
arising
relation
implied
action
personal
recovery
specifically
barred
second
third
factors
set
forth
cort
ash
indication
legislative
intent
explicit
implicit
either
create
remedy
deny
one
consistent
underlying
purposes
legislative
scheme
imply
remedy
plaintiff
section
specifically
allows
beneficiaries
sue
section
however
even
private
right
action
participants
beneficiaries
read
section
brief
respondent
see
also
cong
rec
see
also
cong
actions
federal
state
courts
regarded
arising
laws
similar
fashion
brought
section
relations
act
see
also
national
society
professional
engineers
omitted
congress
intend
text
sherman
act
delineate
full
meaning
statute
application
concrete
situations
legislative
history
makes
perfectly
clear
expected
courts
give
shape
statute
broad
mandate
drawing
tradition
rule
reason
origins
precedents
long
antedating
sherman
act
served
purpose
seems
erisa
incorporation
trust
law
deserves
similarly
generous
flexible
construction
scott
law
trusts
see
also
restatement
second
trusts
comment
beneficiary
entitled
remedy
put
position
trustee
committed
breach
trust
bogert
bogert
trusts
trustees
absence
relief
traditional
trust
law
necessarily
dispositive
however
enacting
erisa
congress
made
exacting
requirements
common
law
trusts
relating
employee
benefit
trust
funds
donovan
mazzola
emphasis
added
see
also
sinai
hospital
baltimore
national
benefit
fund
hospital
health
care
employees
courts
required
fashion
federal
rule
decision
source
law
must
federal
uniform
yet
state
law
compatible
national
policy
may
resorted
adopted
federal
rule
decision
course
little
federal
law
may
turn
guidance
state
regulation
insurance
pensions
programs
however
provides
source
experience
experiment
area
yet
federal
inexperience
much
thus
far
developed
particularly
insurance
field
statutory
certain
areas
public
concern
state
legislatures
quite
active
enacting
comprehensive
regulatory
schemes
state
statutory
sources
law
doubt
play
major
role
development
federal
common
law
erisa
particularly
defining
rights
employee
benefit
plans
wayne
chemical
columbus
agency
service
supp
nd
ind
modified
grounds